Looks Like Plastic On Top Of Urine,and Foamy

lesson on 05/26/2005

topic:
Relaţia dintr sistemul şi sistemul de înrudire obiceiurilor
introduction

summary Steel: The Romanians (1-8)

replaced by the newly married couple at the marriage of a house in the village the parents of the groom, and thus also have access to common property of the village. The house will be built as close as possible to the parents of the man. Way to create a hamlet, in which a lineage living together (Muntii Apuseni / Westgebrige) grouped around the father and several brothers living together.
For Romania, the complicated situation, as in Romania and lived serfs. In Transylvania, three categories were distinguished from serfs serfs with land for house with a right of use of pasture and arable land, serfs to build a house and the right of a house in the village and serfs without a house, although they had a Baupltz in the village, but lived in a house of the Lord.
For the serfs, they were assigned according to the degree of dependence on men a building site so that they could not choose and could move along a descent group.

The farmland and construction sites of a descent group are divided among the male children. Since 19 Stieg century the tendency that girls got a piece of land as an inheritance, though less than a son. In the 20th C. If the equipment is set by the Daughters of land in almost all regions of Romania. Daughters but received a dowry (self-made fabrics and clothes, a wardrobe / Box (30), silver, animals (43)).

budget / "gospoderie" Composition and hierarchy (9-12, 21)

A Romanian household consists of a couple. During the marriage, the couple receives a house and land. The youngest son remains the house of his parents and took over the family home. The older sons set up their own home (two-generation household), the youngest son remains with the parents and it is caused by the wedding and the first child, a three-generation household. A household consists either of a couple or a married couple with children or a married couple, with children and grandparents, this is changing with time.
servants, maids and servants were rare in rural households.
households consisting of married several couples rarely exist in Romania. Complex households are found among the Slovaks in Transylvania, the Serbs in the Banat, the Turks and Tatars in the Dobrudja.
In the budget there is a strict hierarchy according to age and gender. The husband is the head of household. It is directed by "dumneata" / "mata" / "badita" to him. (Especially in southern Romania)
beginning of the 20th century lived in a village in Muntenia 5.35 persons (suflete) together in one household. (17)

property and inheritance: (26-30)

A household has access to water, wood / forest, pastures and farmland. A household has access to private property and community property. That a budget available land and access to village ownership is divided equally among the sons ("Frates"). Steel refers to the fact that he his field research in 1948 in northern Muntenia yet this type of economic activity and inheritance vorfand. The father is the manager of the household possessions.

Village "Satulung": (35-47)

possession and work (35-41)

forest and pastures are communally owned. Rodet a household a piece of wood goes about it in his possession as an individual possession. This land may be sold, while inherited land is passed on to sons, since it is a country of origin group.

village community and village assembly (41-47)

Steel believes that there is a tendency to marry within the village. (Endogamy) Only poor girls marry outside the village, because they find within the village no marriage partner. Marries a girl from the village they received no land as a dowry.
old people in the village authority. (Seniority)

ref: Steel, Paul H.: Household, Village and Village Confederation in Southeastern Europe .- New York: Columbia University Press, 1986, 1-50


ref: Pop, Mihai: Obiceiuri traditional Romanesti , Bucureşti 1999th P.22-33 (Editura Univers)

As we have already seen in Kaser hang the kinship system and the economy, work together closely. Now we shall see that every member of the lineage of traditional customs a certain role. We now touch on the subject and deepen it in the next three meetings.

The base of the Traditional society is the lineage / neamul. It encompasses more than the nuclear family (parents-children), made up of consanguinity (consangvinitate), the in-laws (afinitate) and the sponsors / witnesses (nasi sponsorship /).
\u0026lt;-> Balkan family

consangvinitatea: have as basic biological and social relationships

afinitatea: Relations concluded on the basis of marital exchange (schimburi matrimoniale) and create a broader alliance system

Nasia: is also an alliance system that has played in some regions of rum an extremely important role in the relationship, serve as a basis of social and economic activities (eg, it was the naşii who supported a person, if it carries a social status to another went over (initiation parents) they provide the child support at the baptism (godparents), the boys at the wedding (best man). they played an essential role in the rites of passage this role and function they had not only temporarily, for the duration of the ritual, it was the 3 . kind of relationship. The best man was the godfather of a couple of children of the couple. Did the witnesses, it took over the eldest son's role, he was absent then the next oldest son. Thus arose between two clans lasting connections across generations.

Neam - clan, tribe, bilinear descent group: the most extensive unit is the basis of kinship relations and alliances (mutual interests)
manifests itself in rural communities (not serfs) of free peasants at the following levels:
economic E.: Law of the joint or collective exploitation of the part of the forest and alpine pastures, which are associated with the clan associations
wells, mills,
every clan has its own place in the ceremonial community houses
aid community
forming associations for mowing, building a house, etc.
on a spiritual level, is held together the family through common myths and ritual level through joint funeral rites and ceremonies after the funeral (funerare and post-funerare ceremonii)
had each member of the clan according to the category in which it was divided by the three levels of relationships, their own status and had to fulfill his roles in accordance with his status, fill out the functions assigned to it under its relations with the other members of the clan.
The clan was divided hierarchically, had its own language of human relations, which Designations require a certain (ritualistic) behavior on a verbal level but also in the form of exchange of goods and services as well as at ceremonies at the customs
Some roles within the family were permanent, others changed the status of the member -> dynamics of relationships
was in the villages of the clan-Traditional rum an exogamous unit (ie, marriage only with a member from outside the clan) but within a local endogamy (ie, not out of the village or the nearby area)
marriage was allowed made with relatives only if they are at least of the 3rd Grades were, in some areas of the 4th Parallel; trad was said, he would not be good in-law / to get married, except took place when the marriage of both pairs (son and daughter in a family with a daughter and son, other family) on the same day, ie before the connection of the marriage relationship performs was
moved in some areas the marriage ban not only on blood and marriage relationship but also to the family of the nasal
in the above exception, the exchange is symmetrical, this symmetrical model has been in the 70 years practiced in some mountain regions yet, it was closed for economic reasons , ie that the property is not shared was looking for a family with 2 children differed. Sex a family with children gl structure, the Marriage was celebrated on gl day and according to a mutually beneficial exchange of property or remained in the hands of the men who inherit the family home and the property of their parents, while women translate into the house of his parents in the
around. Traditional villages were the associations of families not egalitarian, equal, these associations are likely to have developed a hierarchical system within the MA by fighting, secured by the title, the ruler of the rum. have given Principate - it> was thus a hierarchy among the free peasants, based on the family origins and connections. The structure of the villages was therefore a hierarchical organization.
Now I come to the relation between this hierarchical organization of the clans that had a hierarchy in at least three categories, and the principle of local endogamy, because they also show how the internal mechanism of kinship relationships and alliances and group interests worked.
The members of the lower (categoria inferioara) category of the clans was the largest in number and could therefore make his marriage within the community relations and respect the rule of local endogamy.
Members of the mean kinship category (categoria medie) failed to pass the village boundaries, but usually they are limited in choosing a partner to the neighboring villages (20-30 km). The
from the highest (categoria superioara) family category were much less and expanded its network of marital relationships on a whole region, on whole territory in order to make useful multilateral alliances.
So we can talk about three areas of local endogamy in relation to the social hierarchy, which have a different territorial distribution: that of the village, the village and neighboring villages and the region. The Sketch
relates mainly to the feudal era, but in some areas, this system was up to the 70 years.
It is one of those important areas of local endogamy have, as the territorial distribution of some to see the marriage customs in which relationships are.
In this connection I should like to draw attention to a historical development: the end of the 18th Century were in the pastoral areas of Inner Carpathian some farm families owned large herds of sheep and not well managed independently, but produced for the market. These farmers employed shepherds from outside their family that they brought from villages that bordered on the other side of the Carpathian Mountains to their village boundaries. Some of these farmers were members of the owning family, so that the local Endogamiegebiet was expanded and the new relationships have led to a new alliance system that is economical on a Was based. With the restriction that only men from outside the Endogamiegebietes were taken. This led in turn to now that the virilokale system (that woman comes to the marriage to the man) has been changed in that regard. The virilokale system is also reflected in the kinship terminology: a man 's însoară, "a woman" s Marita "(Latin Maritare) (Russ. Also 2 terms)
special situations: a family has only one daughter -> man came into the house of his parents, it was said derogatory, pejorative "el Sat măritat"; this is also true for the men who were brought to Transylvania worked there and were married and were therefore included in the family of the wife, they went for it in an economically and socially.
leave in the era of industrialization, the young men of the villages and can be integrated into industrial urban society, the girls, even if they remain in the village, tend to marry townspeople, often with young men who left their villages, so find the boys who remain in the village, hardly a suitable marriage partner in their village or in the former boundaries of local endogamy, they find their marriage partners on the other side of the Carpathian Mountains, where their ancestors have brought before the men. Here, in the area on the other side of the Carpathian arc work, the old relationships again and now women are brought from there. You try in these cases, existing relationships making new ones. The young woman came with her parents over to the wedding and are offered a house for the wedding preparations made available so that everything can go for the established order CARRIED. The customs are respected, even in these cases.
The rules of relationships are expressed in a specific terminology. -> Terminologia romaneasca a relaţiilor de înrudire

ref: Pop, Mihai: Obiceiuri traditional romanesti, Bucureşti 1999 (Editura Univers)

zadruga (Kaser, 132-133):

zadruga = complex formal structure of a family budget

two-family household pattern: The difference in formal structure and not content

first Family household pattern:
three basic elements: Patrilinearität, Patrilokalität and male legal order
kinship system: patrilineal descent group, in the form of the Balkan family household represents
Patrilinearität: only patrilinearaes descent system, female ancestry bill are hidden women of ownership of movable and immovable assets excluded, the property is located exclusively in collective Hand of the agnatic group of households (agnates: male and female offspring of a male ancestor in the male line (Herder Lexikon 8)) -> not wives and daughters entitled to inherit as Mirgift they anticipated inheritance. Dowry, there is only where the principle of bilinearity there
Patrilinearität also means ancestor worship in a Christianized form of the House Patron (slava), both Catholics, Muslims, Orthodox, Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians and Vlachs.

second Family household pattern:
bilinear, cognate kinship system (cognates: blood relatives, the community of birth and procreation Affiliated both paternal and maternal without emphasis on any particular Filiationsregel (Herder Lexikon 78)) with a dowry, inheritance for daughters also, absence of ancestor worship
widespread in other areas outside the Balkans, is now also on the Balkans by

Kaser: Overview: (9-16)

In the cultural area of the Balkans, a unique cultural pattern exists with a certain kinship and family system
The Balkan culture was and is a patriarchal Kaser. In the European patriarchy it represents the Balkan variant, which was formed under the specific conditions of the pastoral (pastoral farming) economy. The Balkan patriarchy is based on two essential structural components.
1. a system of Patrilinearität, Patrilokalität men and legal order -> dominant position of men over women
second within the male half of a certain hierarchy, the older of the younger, of one generation over the following, authority attributes, this authority is established by the subordination of the Son to the Father's will and that of the younger brother under the older brother.
under certain political, economic and ecological conditions under which the Balkan family has emerged: first
lack of political and social integration
second based on grazing Economics
third Living under difficult environmental conditions completed mountainous

Territory:
Western and Central Balkan areas and southeastern half of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, northern Greece (provinces Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia) and West Bulgaria (west of the rivers Isker and goiter)
northern border: in Croatia along the Sava River valley and the Kupa river

state of research and research problem: (17-22)

distinction between the terms family and household, kinship for each culture

categories of family forms (by Frederic Le Play ,, extended by Laslett):
basic types: first
Nuclear family household (nuclear family household): parents with their unmarried children koresidierenden
second extended family household (extended family household): live nuclear family group and other related person together, depending on whether the relatives of the same generation of the reference person or another is a member, we are dealing with a horizontal or vertical expansion
third Multi-family household (multiple family household / joint family or extended family (caution)): two or more nuclear families in the vertical and / or horizontal form assembly Family Association

marriage patterns (by J. Hajnal 1965):
two different marriage patterns for Europe before the Second World War: first
European marriage pattern (in North West Europe): Features: great age of men and women at first marriage and by a high percentage of women and men up to age 50 Of age do not enter into marriage
second Eastern European marriage pattern: Features: low age at first marriage and a significant percentage of men and women up to age 50 Of age do not enter into marriage
the boundary zone between these two patterns is along an imaginary line from Trieste to St Petersburg (known Hajnal line)
Greece and Hungary are in a mixed area of both samples

Hajnal differs in pre-industrial Europe, two from each differing financial systems
first simple budget system: extended over the territory of the European marriage pattern: northwestern Europe (Scandinavia, British Isles, Netherlands, German-speaking areas, northern France)
second second financial system: joint household system (enhanced budget system) ran through the rest of Europe, India, China
three formation rules for budget systems:
simple budget system: late marriage for both sexes (average male 26 years, women 23 years), the married couple is responsible for the budget, with the husband as head of the household acts; hire the young people before marriage often as a maid and servant in various households
joint household system: early marriage (men on average under 26, women under 21 years), the young couple starts together a budget for households with more pairs can be resolved in two or more households;, an elderly couple is responsible for the servants and maids do not play crucial role and constitute no more than 2% of the population, and if so, then they do not live in the house of employer, in this system, there were hardly any people in the household who were not related to the householder (under 2%)
the simple household system falls within the range of the Western European pattern
budget is a complex financial model in the region of the Eastern European pattern
the exception is Western Europe that is looking for a reason!
Western Europe: the dominance of the nuclear family, the late marriage of men and women results in a relatively large generation gap: the age difference between spouses is relatively low (resulting in a tendency to make the partnership possible), belongs to the family and not with the married couple by blood servants (for the servants of the service represents only a transitional phase: it is called life-cycle servants)

causes of the western European exceptionalism (22-29)

West European household and marriage patterns has begun to Hajnal 1400-1650 to form
W. Seccombe sees the origin in the different development of the feudal systems in Eastern and Western Europe, which in turn would have their origin in the crisis of the 14th Century (Pestkatastrophe) The plague caused by the reduction of the rural population was the scarcity of land turn into its opposite. The boys were now able to easily acquire their own land, so that there is a shift in the marriage came to be materially consolidated and saved up the basic equipment for the marriage had. A self-regulatory system set in, which encouraged control of fertility.

M. Mitterauer sees the origin of Western European exceptionalism in the early Middle Ages. The roots of the Western European pattern of household were in Frankish times. Interestingly, the Hajnal line coincides with the boundary of the eastward expansion into Central and Eastern Europe, in the 11th Century began in agreement. By the permanent land acquisition, which constantly drove the border to the east, including agricultural technical innovations have been disseminated. (Three-field system, hooves constitution with the Anerbenrecht (eldest son inherits and parents and paid for from the other siblings, the maids and servants) and Radpflug. They were organized village structure (Anger villages, street villages Waldhufen villages) and the irregular field system go hand in hand. Beyond the development boundary there was not such a homogeneous pattern.
The key to the emergence of nuclear family system or of the European marriage pattern is to Mitterauer called hooves Constitution. The hoof is a fundamental property size, which was awarded to the rural subjects for processing. Their respective size was calculated so that they could ensure the existence of a farmer and his family and to pay certain fees to the landlords. The hoof was the basis for charges and services that the Lord expects of the originally undivided hooves. It was in the interest of the Lord, that not a large family unit the hooves held because it was the charges were threatened.
The transfer of rural property was based on the principle of Unigenitur, that was a transfer from generation to generation, the marriage was possible only after adoption of the hooves.
Even the servants' service must be considered as one of the consequences of hooves Constitution. For the siblings of the court accepting son usually a passing phase of the servants' service was inevitable, until they were materially capable to marry and to found a household. Have been wandering from house to house servants of the people as the prototype non-related household member.
Erbsystem: In the area of distribution Constitution of the hooves sat down, according to the logic of individual ownership, by the Anerbenrecht. It superimposed thus historically older Erbvorstellungen collective (family estate ownership). East of this zone were the older Erbsysteme that were managed by collective representations exist: the fact that the property remained for generations in a common hand (Balkans), be it that he was equally divided between the heirs was (Romania!). In the West such had existed before the emergence of the principle of Anerbenrecht.
Before: It was originally the estate of the family or the group bound by blood as a whole and was the testamentary disposal of a Testator revoked. It therefore came into the household, and only family lots had the opportunity to use an heir. It was therefore legally summarized several heirs to a community of joint. The co-owners bought the estate in common and were seen as universal successor of the deceased. The principles of total hand could accordingly not have the individual co-heir of his share freely. However, he had the right to relocate any time the division of the estate (law division). While the
Anerbenrecht only one of the sons or daughters as successor to the farm permits, the Erbsysteme saw outside the hooves Constitution collective heritage with the option of the allocation of land ownership after his father's death, usually from among the sons. However, once it has been a boom in the population, the latter could have system problems. Either the division was carried out in every generation - (! Romania), with the result that the economic base was lost due to smaller and smaller plots of land - or is prevented by keeping together the sons and their families under one roof, this negative factor (Balkans). The consequence of this were complex budget systems. This means that they are likely in the area of collective Erbvorstellungen complex household and family forms as soon as the demographic trend gains momentum.



added for this lesson themselves known Alexander D. zadruga the issue. -> Alexander, if you like the article is too hard, you'll find at Kaser also discussion of this topic

Sabine: Paul Steel on the Romanians

Paul H. Stahl - Household, Village and Village Confederation in Southeastern Europe

home and family

By 20 Century was a house needed to be able to marry. Younger children were first engaged, after the older they were and this rule is nowadays often, but loses more and more important. Parents build their son a house when he reaches the age to marry (usually to military service). Here, the existing property will be divided by the number of sons. The new house is as close as possible to the house of the groom's parents built. This results in groups of houses are with relatives. In the 19th Century also get more daughters a house as a dowry. The youngest son remains in the home and lives there with his wife and inherits it after the death of their parents. A household is therefore often of three generations, grandparents, parents and children. The couple no children, they adopt someone to secure the survival of the household. This is also a pension plan. A woman can not have children, there are various methods to, To achieve this yet, pilgrimage, fasting, alternative, from women of the village etc.

appearance of a house

past helped with all in house construction, taking men and women have specific tasks. Men cases such as trees and assemble the house, women such as walls and lime plaster. Relatives and neighbors help and are all fed from the house builders. In Moldova there are the pre-setting of a house a banquet with music and dance with the side effect that the dirt floor will be entered in the house. In the towns the houses are bought but more traditionally.

in villages is often the house in the middle of a courtyard. There are also a garden or orchard. The house has a main room with the stove fire, a corridor, a storage room and a dining room that is rarely used and heated, but this is the most beautiful room. At a later time, a kitchen-surface is added, which is usually not built as strong as the rest of the house. Since the rooms were alternately GE uses in summer and winter, there was always the principle of a stove fire. " Villages from the surveys and investigations so many chimneys. There is only one bed, children and old people sleeping on the bench. Two-storey houses were first end of the 18th Century. People lived but still in a room. On average, lived in the early 20th 5:35 Century People in a house. Taxes were often collected per house or per gate. A budget is always entered under the name of the man, such as taxes. It is often said: XY with his wife and his sons, daughters were rarely mentioned separately. Last name first appear in nobles, called simple people: Ion, son of Nicolas, and Maria, the wife of Jon. There are only daughters, and married a man in the family, he adopted the name of his new budget, so that of his father.

property

There are signs of ownership, certain symbols or abbreviations that identify the property, such as an ax into a tree with the carved or woven character abbreviation in the fabric. It should be similar to those of the children of the parents.

Every household needs access to water, land, wood, etc. The father as head of the household VER governs the property, but for example, can not give away land without the consent of his sons. A child may be disinherited only for unacceptable behavior. Country is always divided into as many parts as there are sons. When nobles but also acquires a subsidiary country if she marries. For ordinary people it will receive a dowry chest, with substances, etc. These things were made out to marriage markets, where they were admired and the housewife qualities of the bride-occupied.

property was due to the widespread Illiteracy transmitted orally. The whole village knew about the marriage and the dowry, which was considered sufficient. Smaller transactions, such as livestock purchases, often sealed with a handshake and an alcoholic beverage. Initial attempts to seal transactions in writing to avoid any problems in court, were in the 18th Century made.

division

The Scope of the women is the house and the yard, the man works outside the home. Both work the same amount, and the ability of a woman is an important criterion in choosing a bride. The woman is responsible for the upkeep of the house, that she strokes, cleans, cooks, takes care of the fire sewing, weaving. Moreover, their duties taking care of the animals, collecting sticks and flax. The man plowing, harvesting, bring wood. The woman manages the money.

The man is the head of the household, all other members are to work and obedience Tet obliged. In order to enforce, for example, he can beat his wife lightly, but heavy blows are as gray-sam and will not be tolerated. The woman had to respect her husband owed, such as attention to the road-ter him go. Most women served at the table and ate later.

The village

The forest plays an important role, but it is often cleared forests to create farmland, so that forest just is. This arable land was temporarily transferred to the ownership of a household. The soil was not fertile, he was abandoned. There is a certain day of the year, go to the pick all along the wild fruits in the forest or fishing. Available land is first sold to the closest relatives. To prevent that country falls to strangers, look for the future partners in their own village. Even with the wedding market, the people are grouped by villages. The word of the ancient people of the village has value, they represent the village to the authorities and in court. The village representatives makes decisions regarding taxes, mostly on Sundays after church. Previously was a stranger to no house To build since it's right to community property (such as fields, woods, fountains ...) would get. This was also dependent villages, eg Transylvania: 3 categories serfs: 1 with property in the village and right on adjacent farmland, 2 with a house or land, 3 Serfs who live in houses that were of nobles made available.



Amelia: Text Mihai Pop of the Romanian family and the role of family members in rituals
Structura Familiei - the family structure

familia mica

stăbunic / străbunică grandfather / străbuncă


grandfather / grandmother grandfather / grandmother



uncles / aunts uncles / aunts


parent father (husband / male) (wife / female) children



siblings
(nepot / nepoată)

-Cousin: veri (var / Vara), according to the degree of relatedness distinction primari veri, veri dulci, veri de frate, Ver de soara, II veri, veri III, etc.


change in the degree of relationship after marriage

-parents of the parents with each other cuscri (cuscru / cuscră)
-siblings of the parents with each other cumnaţi (cumnat / cumnată)
parents for the bride and groom (mireasa şi me) Socrier (parents)
-me şi mireasa for parents and ginere nora
-sponsors and witnesses (nasal): fin Nanas and Nanasa and FINA

-accessible distinctions between male and female family members and age
-most of them not names for age differences inthe same category
exceptions: Southern Romania: nene older brother =; older sister = Tata
hierarchical distinctions between parents of the bride and the groom's parents: Bride
parents = socrii mari
bride's parents = socrii mici
-ever engagement before marriage, both leave ire age group (from me and copiii mireasa); bride leaves family, viewed as a bargaining (Schimbul matrimonial)



Xenia: Overview of Research (Kaser)
topic: Overview of household and family systems in Eastern Europe
Source: Kaser, Karl: Family and relationships in the Balkans. Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1995th

In Eastern Europe, the family structures are characterized by early and universal marriage and complex family forms as a general phenomenon. The trend can be seen that households in Eastern Europe in the past have tended to develop complex forms of internal organization. This means that one are family members, in contrast to Western Europe, has categorized according to their degree of kinship relationship. The composition of family groups is dominated by the affinity principle. The parentage and working groups to flow into one another and are strongly expressed even in many cases identical or different: koresidierende and kinship group coincide. It was living with unrelated persons only in exceptional cases.
However, it is important to note that in historical times, both relatively low and relatively high age at marriage as well as complex and non-complex family forms coexisted. The reasons are complex and not uniform, so it is difficult to attach to the phenomena in a pattern that on internal analysis, they divided into different regional variants.
respect of pattern of inheritance and marriage patterns are the Baltic countries and Hungary transitional zones between Western and Eastern Europe. People meet here to variants of the western and the eastern pattern. In the Russian Baltic provinces, for example, it was common that not all members of the group koresidierenden were related.
appears in the Estonian and Latvian territories, the tendency for complexity to have been only very weak.
In Lithuania in the 17th Century 98.8 percent of the families nuclear families, although the feudal lords richer households beneficiary. In the 18th and 19 Century their numbers declined. Even in the period 1920-1939 complex families in north-eastern Lithuania are mentioned. These associations were considered, Draug '(community) or, broliava' (Brotherhood) called and formed an economic community, which disintegrated after the death of his father.
And now for Hungary: the currently available test results do not allow safe conclusions about the complex family model, but you can distinguish between two different models:
- 1 is common in the northern Hungarian hills and by the Palozen, probably as early as the 10th There lived a century, represented. They lived primarily from grazing (sheep, pigs) and formed by the end of the 19th Century extended and multiple family forms based on the Patrilokalität and Patrilinearität. The size of households reached even 30 to 40 members. The property (livestock, real estate) was a common property of men, which was managed by the oldest man in the group. The death of head of household only had to replace the person of the Executive Board to order (estate was not divided). The inheritance was reserved for men, women received only Hochzeitsaustattung in the form of clothes, but no dowry. It was common for severe physical take menial laborers. The individual families were assigned to lineage groups, which probably constituted along the male line.
- 2 Model was, according to Kaser, represented by numerous families. Their share amounted to 18-19. Century 12 to 15 percent and was higher than in England and France, but probably lower than in Russia. Only since the 17th Century is their stock in such safe detectable. These are multiple and extended families that formed on the basis of patrilocal marriage. The special feature of this type: the one family unit forming units could jointly inhabit a rural property or separately in individual farms. The latter was a very common case. These estranged family households were also laborers, servants and maids. The economic unit of the separated parts of the family living has been maintained anyway.
The legacy was laid down in Hungary to the general principle of hand. In order to avoid the consequence of holding fragmentation, were together the heirs. In this way, the economic unit be maintained and at the same complex family structures may result. In contrast, negotiated the Danube Swabians (in the same residential areas) to the Anerbrecht, therefore it was with them, no complex family structures.
played for the factor of the complexity of a family not only inheritance and other economic and cultural causes a role but also the demographic development. By the onset of rapid population growth since 1800 and consequently the scarcity of land, the Hungarian population does not deal with the shifting of the marriage (to the demographic pressure to at least slow down a bit). She tried to keep the married sons on the property to stop the fragmentation of ownership.
In the Romanian regions that are actually east of the Hajnal line, are complex structures only in exceptional cases in Slovak families in Transylvania, Banat among Serbs, found in Bulgarian settlements in Dobrogea and Wallachia.
For the actual Romanian budget system writes Kaser following: "The Romanian pattern of household formation did not fit into the picture. [...] In a case to solve economic, the other demographic characteristics, the formation of complex structures. [...] Overall, it still lacks in investigations. "Furthermore, the different kinship systems and their implications for household and family in the existing research has not been overestimated. For families and households are involved in extensive kinship systems and social networks, and are not isolated entities.
provides for the analyst to barracks in this context, two ways: 1 reforming the budgetary processes as interaction of to see economic, demographic, political and cultural conditions. Here one must abandon the idea that a combination of low age at marriage and universal marriage creates necessarily CORRESPONDING household and family patterns.
second The second way is the opposite and was proposed by Laslett. He shares

Europe with regard to the family and household as work and kinship group in four zones (also known as tendence known):
a) a north-north-west
b) a middle zone
c) a Mediterranean
d) and an eastern zone
for assigning four main formal criteria are used: first
Time and method of the second household formation
reproductive and demographic criteria
third kinship composition of households
4th Labour Organization

Next Kaser writes, however, the task of his book, it was to show that kinship and family in the western and central Balkans areas were just not organized according to a specified by Laslett four patterns, but "for an independent, stand-alone model and it also some still are "



Ulrike. special case (Kaser)
The kinship system

A European special case: the patrilineal descent group

The patrilineal system is centered suspect, that only the male line is kinship, which leads back to the ancestors and degrees of relationship play a minor role. The system is also completed, it consists of a fixed group of people (segmentary society). The continuation of the bloodline can be ensured only by male descendants. Descent groups are insoluble, permanent organizations whose members share certain economic and non-economic rights for generations.

can vary extensively, be divided into subgroups and have a common name. The system knows no religious boundaries. A tribal segment consists of family households, usually the number of brothers and their families (Brotherhood). The eldest takes the role of head of household (segment Board). The segmentation is different from region to region, serb. usually three stages. A. There was within the strict exogamy (ie marriage between people of the same AGNAT. Abst verb was.), It was after the 2nd WK is a tendency to relax this principle.
women offered the logical counterpart to the p. A.; they had contacts with "foreign" blood. They found themselves in a role dilemma: they stood between husband and brother as decision makers, and they had to be between their own blood (milk line) and decide foreign blood (female relatives of the husband), it could (unintentionally) tensions arise.
The common name was an important element and strong unifying element in the tradition of A. The elements include the name part of name, the indexes belonging to the A. shall apply only to men. It may consist of several parts and go back to the name of the ancestors and job title of the founder or refer to the ethnic origin. An important element of corporate
A. was the common property, he was in the form of water rights, forests and / or pastures. Grazing pasture was without collective ownership is not possible. Went to migration and settlement in the Level lost the pasture, they lost an important element of corporate A. and led to the weakening of familial cohesion.
The village was usually composed of several A., therefore, the village consisted mostly of as many village areas, which were each represented by an elder.
In an A. There was a special sense of time: the cycle consisted of birth-reproduction-death, the descent ideology is based on repetition, not innovation.
There are three types of race legends: the oldest indigenous people have rights to inhabited country, or they are acquired through conquest and immigration, or attained by a mixed type. Genealogical knowledge and pedigree Saga were establishing the authority of p. A. essential. The ideological background was the ancestor worship. The most important religious festival, in its distribution area in central Serbia is geographically located, was the house saint festival. Also Muslim. Tribes and the Romanians. BV in nordöstl. Serbia worshiped christ. Saint. The festival, which is the mainstay of the p. A., and blood ties are maintained, the house was revered saint and at the same ritual performed a funeral memorial service. Married women had been, until they had witnessed male offspring, the role of strangers, as they have previously worships a different house patron. The festival has suffered in recent decades, however, loss of meaning. Some had
A. many enemies, who were tamed by certain rites. For every act of an individual was stuck the whole A. vendetta mandatory for murder, Ehrbeleidigung, kidnapping of the daughter, wife of adultery and was considered a sacred duty. There was one part, the public pressure and also the moral pressure of the ancestors. At best. Cases could be apart of vengeance by the payment of fines or humiliation and forgiveness rituals.
This model of the relationship thus has a certain potential for violence.



Kerstin and Aurela: share patriarchy and pastoralism: herding Kerstin

The pastoralism (historical view of development of herding) (Kerstin)

Neolithic period (from about 4000 BC)
economy: the beginning, the hunt, only later, cattle breeding and agriculture, intensive agriculture brings a permanent installation of the settlements with him, and after recovery of the floor residents return back to their original areas, and economic transformation: the transition to the peasants, so to productive economy by the union of agriculture (crops) and livestock (shepherds) at the end of the Neolithic

Mycenaean period - 2500 -1155 BC

Indo / - Europeans
home: the area between central Europe and southern Russia, Indo-European Community in New Stone Age; 2000 and split in individual nations, animal husbandry, agriculture until later, around 2000 migrations of the Indo

Illyria - landscape on the eastern Adriatic

- Bronze Age in south-eastern Europe from 1500 BC Ancient


pastoralists

- between 1 and 3 Millennium BC, broke three waves of immigration of Indo-Europeans, the development of Neolithic agriculture in the Balkans
- 1 significant change: immigrants bring the farmers in place of economics - culture of the Balkans has been changed by
- because of this immigration wave, the Mycenaean culture came to an end
- the first pastoral immigrants (probably Precursor of the Illyrians were) representatives of a cultural desert sheep farmers (starting point: north of the Caspian Sea)
- the agrarian cultures in the Balkans were in about 5 Centuries-long immigration process replaced (to 2300 BC)
- 2 significant change: Sea Peoples (Thracians) destroyed Mycenaean culture
- around 700 BC. joined much additional minor groups (kymero-Scythian horsemen)
- these immigrant pastoral groups have adapted to the environmental conditions (sedentary, agriculture in plains, pastoral economy in the mountains)
- that is demonstrably central Balkan regions (between Velebit and Prokletje Mountains) was practiced animal husbandry - coast of the Adriatic Sea, winter range - Dinaric calcareous mountains, summer pasture
- Illyrian farmers have joined together to patrilineal descent groups and tribes: tribes had tribal territories, but mountain pastures were divided among the various descent groups (subunits of the tribes), the right of generation to generation, probably represented in the Mediterranean
- livestock was essential industry of the Illyrians (archaeological finds, grazing routes)

3 areas of pastoral economy

first Coastal
second Inland
third Dinaric mountain range

a tribal area had to winter pasture and summer pasture include

adoption: tribal organization in mountainous areas of Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Thessaly, Epirus and western Bulgaria, a similar approach as in the central Balkan area

western half of the Balkans (statements possible)
- by Roman integration policies have been Romanized Illyrians and Hellenized (in coastal areas, 6th and 7th century archaeological finds)
- Illyrian population were in the mountains and hinterland hardly the Romanization and Hellenization exposed
- to the Albanians in the mountainous regions joined the Vlachs, the descendants The Illyrians were romanized (came through migration (5th century), were invading Avars and Slavs driven from their towns on the Adriatic coast, fled to the mountains, met there on Illyrian-Albanian population, was confirmed as such, organized in pastoral communities)
- now ruled by Vlachs and Albanians for some centuries, the mountains were even specialists in the pastoral life
- maybe 10-11. Century: Slavic groups came to these two pastoral groups (peaceful meeting) did not come as conquerors, but were looking for new possibilities of life, sought to contact Vlachs and Albanians took over their life
- effects on the Vlachs and Albanians: Vlachs assimilated more, as their mountain Rayone were surrounded by Slavic settlement areas, Albanians settled more outside
- 10-11. Century: Südwanderung the Vlachs (no known reason) to Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus
- by: Spread the patriarchal cultural pattern
- 14th century: Vlachengruppen in Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro, Herzegovina, Bosnia, Dalmatia , Croatia, Istria
- from 12th century: pastoral groups under Serbian sovereignty (it is more about the existence of the Vlachs known): Vlachs to services required: light military services, security of passports and roads, paying little or no taxes

conquests of the Ottomans
- from the mid-14th Century: Ottoman rule over the Balkans regions
first Devastation (flight of the inhabitants, quick resettlement)
second Siege and conquest
third Consolidation of power (military government)
- Ottoman conquest accompanied by migration (protective search in the mountains)
- that reinforce the pastoral communities
- Ottoman rule was familiar and organized framework destroyed for grazing (Winter-/Sommerweidewechsel), many traditional trails were destroyed
- led to: uncertainty that ensure the survival of herds grazing necessary, so were joined by farmers organizations and societies together for long lived altbalkanische the patriarchal pattern (newcomers)
- ie by Ottoman conquest of patrilineal descent groups and strengthening of the Balkan family household
- since 15/16. Century: central Balkan regions with dense network of patrilineal descent groups covered
- Ottoman administration: not interested to record mountain folk (too expensive, non-believers, can hardly be expected duties
- the only worry: the formation of a resistance potential
- so residents remained relatively free (no taxes, managed themselves) until the destruction of the Ottoman Empire (19th century)


sources: The Balkan patriarchy (?) - History and spread of a cultural pattern, "1 The basis: patriarchy and shepherding "
Dtv - Atlas of World History (Vol.1, Vol.2)