lesson on 02/06/2005
topic:
rites of passage for birth
introductory text:
birth, marriage and death rites of passage:
subject of Volksreligiösität
Literature: Ioana-Maria Ionescu
field research in 101 villages in Oltenia, end of 60s and early 70s
rites of passage: A rite is a
by a written or unwritten law in a particular situation required action, which is typified by the repetition, which means that the generations always carried out the same actions. This also means that such acts are regarded as sacred and as essential for every person in his life. In
transition is the implementation of an action meant that results from a temporally and spatially related level / condition to another. The popular belief in
existing birth, marriage and death rites of passage are thus necessary for each member in a community so that you are regarded by others as a human being.
In science has placed Arnold Van Gennep in 1909 published his book "Les Rites de Passages is still the milestone in the field of theory.
Looking at results in the rites of passage, then to Van Gennep three categories: Trennungs-/Separationsriten, intermediate and Anschluß-/Integrationsriten rites. These categories together and be completed mandatory in a row. Each of these categories can in turn be divided depending on the case.
Another thought strikes me as important to bring us closer to today's topic: The religious or traditional living man differs from an everyday, mundane (not holy) time and space and a holy, sacred time and space. The rites of passage for birth, wedding and on the death of a person shall in the course of human life, breaks in the continuity of secular time dar. put the breaks so the events of birth and first breath, marriage and abandonment of existence by the last To breath dar. these nuclei of the transition have developed specific ritual practices through which is the purely biological sacralized. Everything that takes place before the core of the transition to a ritual level, serves the purpose of man, his family and the social group to separate gradually from the old state and to prepare for the turning moment, and all that is then carried out ritual happens, to integrate the people, his family and his social group in the new state. The maximum period of ritual activity, that is the culmination of the holy time of transition, the waiting time dar.
the birth rites of passage: The Birth
represents a new beginning for an earthly life dar. The souls of newborn babies come from somewhere, from a beyond that is a different from the other side of the dead souls, and the transcendental belongs. A child is getting a sign of God's grace, a couple without children is not a real family. As a result, women try the 1-2 years after the wedding have not yet become pregnant to use all the traditional means of "blessed" to be. These include: 1 Prayers to God and the Virgin Mary, to St. Anne (applies as a helper in this situation), pilgrimages to monasteries where monks will then read special prayers. 2. Use of traditional medicine products (medicinal plants as Tea or bath, used and spells). 3. It may be that the sterility of a woman has been conjured by a witch, in which case only help spells a wise old woman who can make the evil forces ineffective.
The mother comes from the date on which she realizes that she is pregnant, in a sacred and yet dangerous time of transition. For the mother this time ends with the 40th Day after birth through the ceremony of the blessing ceremony. For the child, the entire transition lasts until 3 Of age. During this time the child will be integrated slowly into the areas of life.
time of pregnancy:
From the time from which a woman knows she is pregnant, she gets a special status. It is integrated by the pregnancy in the family of the man and enters the social group of women. The first pregnancy is also a rite of passage, through the experiences the young woman both national medical knowledge and mythical, magical and ritual elements of the tradition. In the period of transition, so the pregnancy, the woman is exposed to many dangers that they can protect themselves by complying with apotropaic (apotropaic) rules. Various demonic entities (air, forest spirits) and the fairies (zine) can harm the woman and thus cause a miscarriage, especially if it exceeds certain taboos.
Some taboos to keep in a pregnant woman: first
Food taboos: Keep fast days (Wednesday, Friday, Easter fasting (6 weeks), Christmas Fasting (6 weeks), Marie fasting (2 weeks before August 15) eat
second No one another grown fruits, otherwise they get twins
third eat no fruit by the previous one has tasted it, otherwise the child will be a sign like a bite wounds on the skin have not
fourth unripe fruits to eat otherwise possible miscarriage
fifth cooked every day a little wine with mint, so strong and healthy child is
work taboos:
first carry or lift heavy things
second may collect in any case, wood coat-tail, otherwise child have stains on the body including
Ethical and social taboos
first they can steal anything, otherwise the child on the skin, the image of the object
take second they must not wear flowers in their hair or belt, otherwise the child will have red marks on the skin and many other taboos
taboos that must respect the husband of a pregnant woman: first
his wife, he may not curse or swear, otherwise he gives his child to the devil
second the man may kill any animal or poultry, because the child could die or be an evil man
taboos that must comply with the family or the village community: first
one should not a pregnant woman curse second
a pregnant woman should eat will be offered if it enters into a house in the third to be eaten straight
a pregnant woman demanded something to eat, should we give it to her with all my heart, because you otherwise is committing a sin
4th one can not cut the way a pregnant woman, otherwise she might lose her child
5th one can not throw something a pregnant woman, otherwise she might lose her child
labor:
As part of the birth transition is the central moment of childbirth, the core phase, starting with the first Labor and lasts until 3 days after birth. In this ritual plays the midwife (moasa) the main role. Traditionally, it was an old woman, who through the act of cutting the navel, no matter whether a blood relationship between her and the child's parents was before, to navel-moasa of the child. Cutting the umbilical can be performed traditionally by a third person, so this is navel-moasa. Navel moasa meant to be to produce a particular non-blood kinship relationship between the child, his family and the umbilical moasa. The right of the implementation of the rite was passed down in families from generation to generation on the paternal side and applies to all children of a married couple. Man in this context speaks of the Mosi-institution (de mosi mosi = neam the clan; mosi de Bastina = inherited Mosi).
confinement is at the bottom of hay next to the fireplace (on the substrate layer = pe). After the placenta has come off, sets the moasa the woman on the bed. It also occurs that the woman is three days on the layer, it is bathed and put to bed.
After the cutting of the umbilical cord to gradually integrate the child into the world. The midwife takes the ritual act of the removal of the child from the earth. She speaks ritual words by to wish the child: "Thou shalt be great as the fir, Thou shalt bright as the Sun, be Thou shalt be healthy and capable, you shall multiply you, ask your parents happy! "The child is separated from the pre-existence. Then the child is whether day or night show at the window so that it sees the cosmos for the first time and the cosmos seen and captured.
Next, purified by the child a bath. It must be noted that the water is during the day brought a new earthen pot is used for the child in a wooden wash tub to be bathed and done the whole thing in a holy place such as on the threshold of the room or on the fireplace. In the water different items will be added to strengthen the health of the child and to influence his fate in a happy way. The articles include a silver coin (wealth), flowers (beauty), chicken feather (much poultry later), duck or goose down (so happy to bathe), maize or wheat (so rich harvest) and others, too, pouring out of the pool water must not arbitrarily happen, but at a certain time (when it seems the sun), in a certain direction (east), to a certain place (plain square). The first bath is taking the final separation of the biological child of his fetal life and represents the perfection of his biological integration into the world of the living.
is then the child and the placenta is wrapped in the basement, behind the door or under the threshold, buried deep in the garden. Only then can the father into the room and brings liquor or wine and drink a glass with the navel-mos.
The most critical transition period for the child extends to the baptism and the nut 40 days until the blessing ceremony, but the most dangerous are the first three days because the child has no destiny and want to seize the evil spirits of the child. Does the child receive his fate from the fate of women, then they will take care of the child. In these three days is taking the moasa various acts of apotropaic magic as protection against the evil eye. On
third day, it is a rite, "the dedication of the child to the fir and the Sun" (Inchinarea copilului la soare si brad), which is practiced at the Süddonau. On the third day the Moasa wrapped the baby in swaddling clothes and goes into the new dawn on the mountain. There she studied from a proud fir, introduces herself and she looks to the east. When the sun rises, she says that this child is so and so and that she dedicated the fir tree. "You shall see to it that this child (name) is big and strong as you And you sacred sun shall see to it that this child (name) will remain healthy, and as you light all around you." This is a kind of symbolic Fraternity a cosmic unity between the child and his fir closed. The previously described
rites are the main rites of the core phase of the birth transition. There are both separation and integration rites.
At the end of the third day in the night, the fate of the child is adopted. The fate of the one part, read from the time of birth. In this the birth of the moon phase and day (p. 208) are. On the other hand, the character with the child at birth on his body or the way in which the child has been released, interpreted.
The Fates (ursitoarele) determined on the third night the baby's future husband before. You determine the fate of the newborn and write it in the book of fate that is in heaven. Thus they determined, the best possible destiny is cleaned before your arrival the house, the woman and the child is bathed by the moasa. Then prepare the moasa the table of the Fates (masa ursitoarelor) before, makes a point unleavened bread, farm belt (fidelity character), three cups of water, holy water, alcohol, coins, plow blades or spinning floor with spindles. The dream is dreamed that night of the birth or the moasa can predict the future of the child. After that night the moasa the objects takes off the table as a gift and a sheet material.
After the child a fate has received, it became a man, not only biologically born. The child was the fulfillment of the rite of cosmic and biological fate of women integrated into the world of men.
Next, the integrated child by baptism into the world of Christians.
Until the night of the Fates plays the village community a passive role. After the night of the Fates are women, mostly relatives or friends to visit and bring a small gift.
Baptism: The baptism
plays the main role of the godfather (nas, nanas, now now p.235 wedding Pate, nas, nanas as godfather). In Oltenia, the godfather (nas de Bastina = inherited Pate) is inherited. The wedding godfather is the one who the groom was baptized. The wedding couple Pate baptizing all children. If married, baptized by a mentor boys, they are the same sponsor or one of his successors as wedding sponsors have. This relationship implied between the two families' rights and obligations. The adopted child (girl) is to ask the sponsors leaving the family for consent (otherwise curse). The sponsors are obliged to baptize the children or to marry and to perform the rites associated with (sin). This relationship is again a non blutsverwandtschaftliche relationship. Within Romania there are differences, whether the godfather or godmother to play a greater role. In Oltenia, the sponsor plays a greater Role. You must observe several taboos and must meet a number of tasks: Before the day of baptism, they bought the baptismal candle and places it ready. Prepares you for a piece of white, thin lines, the godmother to get the child out of the priest. The Godmother prepares a gift for the child from (diapers, pillow, blanket).
The duties of the sponsor include: On the day of baptism, the sponsor takes over in a ritual way the child from the moasa, in the church the godmother the child holds in his arms, giving the priest the answers and takes in the name of the child, the rites belonging to the renunciation of Satan. After the priest has completed the Orthodox Christian rite of baptism, does the Godmother of his child and it's a wrap. The sponsor pays the baptismal service. It brings the child back home and passes it to the ritual nature of the mother. Finally, she takes part in the Taufschmaus. After the baptismal day bathes the godmother of the child (Salbölbad). The godmother is later in the hair cutting ceremony before the age of the child to be present and even then still have obligations to the child. The Godfather, however, must put in Oltenia only the money for the necessary purchases available. He does not necessarily participate in the Christian ceremony, but he must take on Taufschmaus and hand over the adopted child, a first gift. After the baptism takes the godfather the hair cutting ceremony.
is interesting that the mother did not participate at the baptism (general taboo) because earlier baptism before their blessing ceremony on the 40th took place days after birth. Prepare the Taufschmaus. The father invites the guests and helps Taufschmaus. The parents also prepare gifts for the sponsors and the mosi before.
baptismal ceremony:
Baptism by as early as possible after the birth, but only after the date of the fate of women, because the child can not be reborn in Christ through baptism, when it does the passage of the first birth has not taken place completely. The period will be placed within 6 weeks.
Baptism takes place on a Sunday after the Church service. The Moasa places the child in the church. Outside the church it is expected of the sponsor and they are the child.
is in the execution of the sacrament of baptism by the priest dipped the previously solid kid all the water of baptism. This gesture is a symbolic death and rebirth same as the initiated into the mysteries of Christianity. The child is then reborn in a new universe, the world of Christ and those who believe in Christ, ritual.
While returning from church, on the road and on entering the house, various ritual and ethical practices are carried out: the moasa go 1-2 steps behind the sponsor with the child, the people on them Way deal to say, to sponsor: Sa-ti traiasca crestinul! (The Christian is to live it!) And the godmother replied: Sat traiasca ne la toti Si Sa fie sanatos! (! He is all of us live and be healthy) arrived in the House is the godmother to the child's mother with the words, "You have given me a heathen, I'll bring back a Christian!
Now a few words about Taufschmaus: To Taufschmaus invites the father of the child 1-3 days before the baptism. He goes for it with a ram bag (plosca) through the village and invites (formerly married) people by offering them a sip from the box and several bags congratulations to pronounce it. When Taufschmaus play a godfather important role. come to the table: muraturi (pickled vegetables), pork brawn, acidified meat soup (Ciorba), or Sarmale varza cu carne (finely chopped cabbage and pork), two kinds of roast dinner, gogosi (donuts). This plum or mulberry vodka and wine will be served. During Lent the Taufschmaus of vegetables, fruit and fish is prepared: muraturi (pickled vegetables), Fasol Batuta (prepared cooked white beans as a porridge), fish or vegetable soup, fried fish with rice or plachie (fish sauce) and fruit
The Taufschmaus usually lasts into the evening. Sometimes musicians are also ordered and it is danced.
During the Taufschmauses before the roast is served, the godmother asks the umbilical moasa the child, it shows the godfather of the child and congratulated him money allocated to the chest. Then the moasa goes with the child to the navel-mos, and then the rest of the people who do the same to the sponsor. After the ceremony, passing the moasa the money and the child of the mother. Then the parents take the child in her arms to the sponsor couple and give them their gifts. Then they do the same for the mosi pair. (Gift system S.255)
The day after the ceremony the child is once again bathed by the sponsor or moasa. Both parents come to the house and prepare the bath. Then they sit with the mother, other women the family and the neighborhood together, eat and drink. The father and godmother moasa bring home and share their food gifts.
Now a few words to her mother. The new mother is still 6 weeks after childbirth in the uncertain time of transition. In that time they also need special care. She is very weak and must be protected against external evil influences so that they lose not by magic or the evil eye her milk. The new mother is in this period as unclean and therefore go out of her evil forces, in which one must protect people, livestock and fields. So all this will be ensured, should the woman observe certain taboos. The new mother is to look only at the ground and not into the distance. It may go without a limit (ie leave no road, river, bridge, but also the sacred, safe space of my own house and yard). This is not their fertility, their life force (mana) taken, they should not go to the neighbors. Must they go to another house, the neighbor to water their goats on the feet so they do not lose their milk. No visitor should sit on the bed of the mother, otherwise he could take their mana. And no sexual intercourse. Including more some of these taboos are not strictly enforced. Thus, after a few days after birth, a priest in the house of the mother spoke a prayer in the village so that it can go. The Church can not enter.
This period ends with the blessing ceremony for the mother (Molitva Molitva cea mare = large) on the 40th Day after birth. This ritual symbolizes the end of the birth rites of passage for the woman, the child and the moasa from the viewpoint of the Church. After that they are fully integrated into the Christian community of the village.
On the scheduled day is the moasa to have recently given birth, and both put on festive clothes and go with the child in the church. On the way they encounter no person with an empty water bucket, that would mean bad luck, a bucket full of happiness, however and fertility of the woman who throws coins into the bucket.
expected in the church, the priest, the women to help them to read a prayer for the forgiveness of sins. During the prayer the moasa and the woman kneeling with the child on the threshold of the church. After the prayer they stand up, the priest takes the child and says: The servant of God (name) will enter the church. In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, now and in all ages, Amen. After the ceremony, mother and go home moasa eat and drink together. With this ceremony, the entire birth rites of passage for the woman and the moasa are completed. The integration of the child until the 3rd Years of age. Until then have two rites are performed: the lifting to the bar and the cutting of the hair bundle.
The lifting of the child to the beam (ridicarea la Grinda):
This rite is held every year on New Year's Day until the third year of life. For this festival, animals are slaughtered and cooked Colaci (donuts, pastries). The navel-ring-shaped cakes moasa, woven from three strips of dough Colaci. At the same time prepares the child's family, a food gift for the navel-moasa. The parents take the child to the navel-mosi; arrived assumes the umbilical moasa the child with him and crosses the doorstep. She raises the child in the house three times to the bar and says "Soo big, "and then she still says congratulations. (You shall oxen, cows, horses, and thou shalt have happiness, you should learn well ...) In some villages, a large colac baked with a hole in the middle through which the child is pulled, each time it repeals the bar. This ceremony is performed with all children, in recent years come to the aid of the ceremonial Mosi-navel of the world. Then the gifts exchanged, and we celebrate 2-4 days with music and dance. At this festival, take part only people who belong to the circle of the Mosi-nephews and their families.
The cutting of the hair bundle (taierea motului):
This rite has to 3rd Years are completed. The child must, however, already able to speak. The rite is performed by the sponsor. Until that day may not be the child's hair cut. On the day in coming godfather, navel-mosi and other relatives and friends to the house of the sponsored child. If channels are assembled, one sets the child on the table and the godfather test four tufts of hair around the crown around this: one on the forehead, neck and on both temples, so that a cross. Then they tied together and before they are cut off, asks the Godfather: What is your hair Tolle, godchild (de ce ti-e motul, UNIFIL?) And the child answers, calf, lamb or foal (now mostly clothes). Depending on what will give the sponsor the child. Then, the godfather of the child for his arm and shows him the gift of farm animals in and says, godchild, now you're older: you have your cattle!
The following is a food, gifts to the child, food for the patrons.
The implementation of this ritual ends the integration of the child on a social level, thus closing off the general birth rites of passage.
Special cases:
Attempts by special rites, the mother, who sponsored clan, the Mosi-kin or the Christian name of the child change.
I add my part of the birth rites of passage here: birth rites of passage
have on this subject, Sabine and Kerstin with the parts fate of the child (talk about the fate of the child Part 1 of Sabine) (Part 2 of Ken) reported .
Aurela time will tell something about taboos during pregnancy.
Ulrike will tell us about childbirth and role of the midwife.
Amelia prepares particular cases.
The role of the midwife and childbirth (Ulrike)
The stage of labor begins with the Romanians with the contractions and ends on 3 Day after birth. The delivery is the core phase of the entire transition. The main and only active person in addition to the mother, the midwife (Moaşa). The entire birth process consists of several sub-rites. The cutting of the umbilical cord is considered cosmogonic ritual that makes the transition in our lives.
The institution of "Mosi" is probably inherited from the Dacians. A moaşa must meet certain conditions: they must be old (over 60), because only if she has no menstrual period and no more sex life, she is considered "pure". Furthermore, they must possess the necessary skills in folk medicine and magic, may engage in black magic, must be faithfully and well and gentle, so that the woman follows her instructions with confidence. In addition, they must not mother mother or the mother to be.
The birth takes place on the ground, rather than next to the hearth (the center of the house). In addition to the fireplace and fresh hay stacked on old but washed clothes (birth = layer).
The woman give birth in a kneeling position on the layer, and after the placenta has come off, sets the moaşa her on the bed or she stays for 3 days after giving birth to the layer. As part of the tradition-bound religious ideas of confinement and cutting the umbilical cord are not as purely biological phenomena, but as a ritual understood. After cutting the umbilical cord moaşa the child stands up, then she goes with him the window. The child must accept immediately after birth, contact with mother earth. The soil is "mythological" the woman giving birth "biological" mother. Rapid lifting and cutting the umbilical cord mean separation of two "mothers". The child is brought to the window so that it sees the cosmos and is considered the same from him.
followed by the so-called purification of the child. The bath water must be brought during the day, to be purchased for each new child needs a new earthen pot. In the field of Oltenian rite is as follows: the newborn baby is held with the left hand either on the threshold or above the fireplace, poured over the right-hand it with cold water. There is also the variant, the child to the washtub over them. Then the water is heated and the child with ritual objects (such as silver coins, flowers, small stone, some object of gold) bathed. The used bath water should not after sunset, must be distributed to the east and a "pure" location (such as orchard, no way for grazing animals). The ritual bath is final separation of the biological child of fetal existence. After bathing the child is wrapped, the wrapping tape should form a cross, so that even non-baptized child is protected. After the winding is the child of the mother's bed or on the "layer" down.
During the birth stage, muttering prayers the moaşa spells. The child is given to the fir tree and the sun. The placenta must be buried deep (garden, basement, ...), then the man must first into the room and drinks with the moaşa liquor or wine.
The first 3 days after birth are considered the most dangerous because the child still has no destiny. After the child is placed with the mother, a red tassel is hung, to protect from evil eyes. Holy water, called in this context "moaşa" water is added to drinking mother in 3 Swallow, poured a drop on the lips of the child and a little to the bath water to the baptism. Up to baptism, the mother also sleep with his face to the child if they noticed anything unusual, cross himself, the child immediately, they may never leave the child alone, and no foreigners allowed in the house until the night of the fate of women is over.
Fate (Kerstin)
general ideas about the fate
Based mainly on Oltenia, rural population, all social classes, exercise but also other areas in RO, the same rites, special rites in Oltenia
- Date of birth affects some areas of the future life of a newborn
- are crucial: birth (Sun position) and moon phases, days
- Week days: be with the respective planetary God brought together
Latin name:
luni - Lunis - Moon
Marti - Marti - Mars
miercuri - Mercuri - Mercury
joi - jovis
vineri - Veneris
Sambata - Sabbatum
duminica - domenica
- Zodiac: author himself does not know what the good and bad sign
are - list of beliefs (read some)
- Saturday children: especially in Oltenia, children have occult powers (not bad), the only that experience can determine whether a dead undead is, can be healers or sorcerers
- faith of the Fraternity: especially in Oltenia
Traditional Romanian world: belief about the good and bad hours, and the resulting thereby results (ceasul bun ceasul rough), personified as evil spirits, " mi-a iesit ceasul rough in cale "," sa fie intr-un ceas bun "
- sign: the child at birth (examples read)
- especially important: caul (Tichi, camasa) Embryonalhaut
- In north-western part of Oltenia: child is very happy, brave, skillful, Hood also used for magic
- In Oltenian plane along of the Olt up into the mountains: caul - Chiti de Strigoi (Revenant hood) called
- deceased becomes undead, signs such as this hood
- With the caul: Moroi viu, live undead (evil eye)
- After Death: Moroi mort, dead revenant, where funeral rites are not performed, so he has to tell everyone that he was born with the undead hood, too loud proclamation in the village
Conclusion: Vorrausbestimmung of fate at conception (of God), Vorrausbestimmung the fate of souls after death already at conception
Stüber birth rites of passage for special cases (Amelia)
- special cases during childbirth:
1) child at birth very weak
death is expected prior customary baptismal Ermin
ill 2) child during first 3 years of life difficult (special case: Epilepsy)
3) Parents have lost at least 2 children before
- out serious illness of the child, or death of several children to "impurity" of a person that plays important role during birth
- important role during rites of passage: parents (especially mother)
Mosi (especially moaşa)
Pate pair
- Causes for impurities are: 1) the person has serious sin committed
is 2) the person cursed been
3) the person complied with relating to them taboos, or rules of the tradition during rites execution
- in all cases attempt mother, godfather clan, MoSi to change the child's clan Þ sins of ancestors (including those of the sponsors, MOSI) is up to 7 Age inherited
- Birth Stüber rites of passage: 1) emergency baptism
2) ritual exchange of the mother
3) ritual exchange of patent family
4) ritual exchange of Mosi-clan
5) ritual exchange of Christian names
To 1)
- is soul of the unbaptized child in the afterlife hard fate have
- child is not, as resurrected Christ, if not baptized
- Moaşa have therefore recognized by the church law, the emergency baptism take place to
- child gets in emergency baptism the name of those holy day
- is the child immediately after birth, dying is the Moaşa the child the first name that you can think of (Ion, Maria = names that are most needed)
For 2)
- mother changed when the woman has previously lost several children
- vânzarea copililui by fereastră (= sale of the child through the window)
- Darea copilului de pomana (= delivery of the child as alms)
- Darea copilului by fereastră (= delivery of the child through the window)
Re 3)
- only to change for good cause hereditary clan of godparents = death of several children of the foster family
- sponsors have before exchange until permission will = always given
- Rite states: alegerea naşului din drum (= selection of sponsors on the way)
- the child takes moaşa immediately after birth
- child is placed (moaşa hidden):
- in addition to a well
- a crusade
-
front of a church - the first person comes along unwittingly becomes the new godfather of the child
- "să-ti trăiească (To live = your sponsored child you sponsor) final, NASA
- to sponsor exchange emergency baptism instead
refers to 4th)
- in the district Mehedinti believed that moaşa blame for the child's illness is
- parents give the mosi decision that they want to take another moaşă: Permit required
- held second night of destiny women (Fates gave the child his fate, gets new destiny with new moaşa because entire rite is repeated)
- up to 7 Age repeatable
- moaşa sweeps the room of new birth, bakes traditional bread and bathes mother and child (usually done on day 3 after birth)
- only change: says before invocation of the Fates new moaşă a prayer
On 5)
- the name of a person constitutes his being
- Christian name with destiny for every human being has a specific meaning
- through ritual child should get new destiny
- variants of the rite of Oltenia:
1) mother changes baptismal name, on sale through windows (if mother asks if the child wants to buy X, it implies a different name)
2) the moaşa replaced by a kind of baptismal name Baptism (without the assistance of the church) = in the flow of running water
emergency baptism
change the parent of the child
sale through the window
delivery of the child as a charity
taboos during pregnancy (Aurela)
After a young woman has become pregnant, she gets a special status.
· taboos for pregnant women
According to the Orthodox Christian religious beliefs, the Holy Virgin, the patroness of all women and especially mothers.
Oltenian The popular belief is full of demonic nature (air, forest spirits or undead) that could attack the women, especially in the stage of pregnancy.
A central figure here play "Zana"
a) food taboos and rules
- if a pregnant woman has cravings, it must necessarily eat it otherwise there is a possibility that they will lose their child;
- it must be every Wednesday and Friday fasting, as well as the usual Christl. Fast days;
- they must not eat fruit grown together, otherwise they get twins;
- they may not eat unripe fruit;
- they must not eat from a fruit from the previous one has tasted - bite wound to the body of the Child;
- we recommend you drink every day but a little wine boiled mint. The child is so strong and healthy;
b) Work Taboos and regulations
- Make it needs to be to lift heavy things or wear;
- During the house-cleaning, they must ensure that at the moment in which she throws out the garbage says: "as soon as I drop the throw as fast release I have the child ";
- it must not blow into the bread oven, otherwise the child is with" born in adult tongue ";!
c) Ethical and social rules
- they may steal anything, even if they hunger, otherwise the child on his body the image of the stolen article;
- they can bear no flower in her hair or belt, or the Child is a red mark on the skin;
- they may enter the walk a dog or other pet, otherwise the child will be hairy like a shepherd;
- after sunset, they sure no water, bread, salt or heat because those who might otherwise take their mana. could they not allowed to curse people or animals to fall because of the curse upon not only them but also to the child -
;; This could lead meaning that it has no milk
- they may speak on any circumstances, the vicious name. Does she believe that, one, that the devil comes immediately to bring the soul of the child before birth;
- as long as she is pregnant, she may not be christening or wedding Patin, otherwise your child die;
d) Various other taboos
- it is forbidden her lame, the mentally ill, epileptics to see, so that the child will not like this. But when she meets these people, it has to say: "you must be so, not my child";
- it must not go to a funeral. But if a blood relative is dead, that they must wrap a red string around the little finger of his left hand so that the child does not "yellow" like a dead man is born;
- they should not go to "bad places" (ruins; ...)
- they must not sit on the doorstep or on the house steps, otherwise they will have a premature birth;
- it must not go into the forest, because see Muma Padurii could be that she is pregnant and during delivery could come to "take the child to be"
- it is not to be connect an ax, so as not to cut the thread of life of the child;
- it is forbidden to leave their house during the night, and even the open doors or windows;
· taboo for the husband of a pregnant woman
- - it is forbidden him his pregnant wife to insult or curse;
- as long as the pregnant woman, the man can kill an animal or poultry, this could cause the child will die or a bad man or even murderers;
- it is prohibited, anything to throw behind a pregnant wife, as the risk that they might die in childbirth
· taboos for the family and the village community
- It is forbidden to curse a pregnant woman;
- asks if a pregnant woman to eat, you have to give it lts from the heart, otherwise it commits a grave sin.
· self comment
When I read the text, I found that the majority of the taboos, which are described here, I have been known by my environment.
Perhaps it could be of "Balkan taboos" talk.
Conclusion: The taboos
form a whole, medical and ethical image through which one tries before the mother and the child, during and after childbirth to protect and thus reach the birth of a physically and mentally healthy child.
The fate of the child (Sabine)
the fate of faith found in Romania in three areas: first
The date of birth
second certain characters in the body of the child
third the fate of women.
influenced the time of birth, major areas of future life of the newborn. Important are the birth, the moon phases and the weekday.
birth
is the happiest child that is born in the morning, most unfortunate that which is born during the sunset or at midnight. Children who are born during a natural disaster or bad weather, have a troubled life. It is also believed that at birth a person a star in the sky rises. When these beams, one will be happy and healthy and be successful if it darkens, it means danger. And if one dies, falls down and the star.
moon phase
The children who are born during the full moon to be epileptic, lunatic, or psy-hierarchically very sensitive. Children who are born in nights with no moon to be fertility disorders. Chil-dren who are born on the day of a solar or lunar eclipse will not live long or lead-ben always sickly and weak.
week
Tuesday: (Mars Children = Marti) are never like, but stubborn, combative, unruly, uncontrollable, angry and hard to educate
Friday (Venus children = vineri) will never be rich, but unfortunately not among them, because they are protected by God
Thursday (Jupiter Children = joi), Sunday (Children of the Sun), great church holidays: are especially happy and perhaps famous
Saturday (Saturn's Children = Sambata): are sickly and die early. In Oltenia speak Saturday Child-to occult forces. These forces are so large that even the devil is afraid of them. Sams-day children are the only people who can learn through magical acts, whether due course become a gestor-a reincarnation.
is also widespread belief in the good and the bad hour, not only at birth. The hours are often personified as good or evil spirits. In everyday parlance, there are, for example, congratulations, if someone starts something new, "să fie într-un ceas bun".
character's fate is believed from certain character or predict way in which a child was released to be able to. Easily liberated children are happier than heavier given birth.
dangers arise from various characters. Does the child such as a blue vein on the forehead at birth, then one believes that it can drown in water. Has there could be a red stripe around the neck, it shall perish by fire.
A particular faith revolves around the so-called caul, pieces of Embryonalhaut. If a piece hanging on the child at birth, it is brave, rich, clever and happy. In Oltenia VER spread belief is that this child has an evil eye, and can also become a revenant, if in his Not a funeral rite is observed in order to prevent this. Therefore, the birth must necessarily be communicated to cover the affected and the family. For this is the He-Bamm to a neighbor and told her what happened. This goes behind the house of the NEN newborn, the midwife remains of it. Now they call themselves ". Hey, midwife, the woman gave birth to a child with X Hood" "What is it good," exclaims the neighbor?. "She is good in court, for marriage, for profits and sales. It is good for everything in this world. "This is repeated three times. Then cut the He-Bamm a piece of skin and gives it to the mother. This skin is at the funeral in the Coffin down. The rest is the midwife for her spells.
Fates
The Fates are three beautiful sisters dressed in white, which determine the fate of the newborn. No one has ever seen. You get the third night after birth and were raised at the head of the cradle. The oldest says, is how much happiness the child. The second one is the bad things that will see the child. The most important is the third: it says it all, what man will create up to death and how he will live many days. After the corresponding Geburtsstun-the, good or bad, have decided the fate, they write it in the book of fate which is kept in heaven. When a person dies, his name will be removed from this book. mitzugeben
To the child the best possible destiny, one tries to influence the fate of women's influence. But the midwife comes on 3 Day after birth and cleans the house, the mother bathes and puts on her clean clothes. Then she bathes the baby and wrapped it in swaddling clothes brought by it as a gift or a self-shirt sewn on the front of the sun, the moon and back was sewn on the shoulders of the morning and evening star. It is also preparing a table for the fate of women. The midwife bakes an unleavened bread and makes five crosses on it in the center of God and the four outer for Mary and the fate of women. At every cross they sprinkled salt and honey. This bread is placed in the middle of the table, covered with a white tablecloth. This, she says: "This cross is the fate of older women. You should well as the bread be as smooth as the water and sweet as honey, if it determines the fate of the child. "Then she makes a vial of holy water, drinking water and one with an additional one with tuica. Finally, she puts her belt and a pile of coins on the table and allows access to a plow blade for a boy and a spinning wheel for a girl. Today, there are some books and pens, which symbolize the desire the child may take an academic career.
The dream is the only way to learn the fate. What dream of the mother and the midwife that night will come true. Has not dreamed of them, it is believed that the child will have a normal life. From that night the man then has a life and a destiny.
The next day, the midwife takes everything on the table as a gift. The bread they distributed to three children in the neighborhood, which must be about the same age of the newborn. On their way home, it offers every passerby a swig from the bottle tuica what of these wishes luck to the newborn.
This ritual is also modified in the hospitals. In Romania, it is believed that the fate of a people is the will of God, then the birth, signs etc. be true.
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