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Wersching @ 2005-05-30T23: 50 : 00

are topic: wedding 06/09/2005

introduction to the subject: wedding rites of passage
The wedding:

The fact that practically the whole village population in the Wedding participate and included almost all the elements of village life in the structure of these rites of passage are, makes the marriage transition a particularly complicated and complex system. It is also complicated because the influence from the urban area has been added.

conditions of marriage:

2 categories: first

Marriage Age: girls were allowed to marry until 14, when 16 years was considered suitable. This has changed, the marriage age has risen sharply. According to the law are allowed to marry girls from 16, boys over 18 years. However, it has enforced the opinion that the young man at his best military service should meet before the marriage. More and more prevails in the villages of the opinion that boys and girls first learn a trade.
second Relationships: are not married may, if a.) exists between the two young people a biological relationship. By the legal and religious point of view, they may no relatives up to 4 Related to the People view, up to seventh, his degree Grades do not get married. B.) there is no spiritual kinship. The members of the foster family should not marry with those of the sponsored children family. According to tradition, were also allowed to sponsor the children who were baptized by the same sponsors do not marry, (is not so much upheld). The members of the umbilical Mosi-family were not allowed to marry those of the families nephew (little attention). If the young man or the girl from the mother of the other was purchased via the "ritual, were both children become spiritual brothers and sisters and therefore not allowed to marry. (This is still sensitive.) (S.270-1 "now on the window of Ionescu for repetition of the rite of the)
there prevails a strong exogamy, which could be met by the fact that you received with neighboring villages solid marriage relations, nor marriages between young people from different regions in Romania were tolerated, were not tolerated in the farming families Mixed marriages, that was when one of the spouses to another people, whether orthodox or not. (Was in the upper layers of the possible)

Before the wedding: 1

The advertising and the definition of dowry

wants to marry a young couple, it must obtain the consent of their parents, as the saying goes: One of the parents not blessed house, the good Lord never help.
Before the wedding takes advertising (petire) and the definition of dowry (zestre) instead. The advertisement must take place on a Thursday or a Sunday, which are considered the lucky days, the days of love.
The young man is accompanied by his parents (elder brother, Uncle) and his godfather (a member of the foster family when the godfather dead) to the parents of the woman who wants to marry. A member of the foster family is required. Course read together S.285-6

If parents and daughter are in agreement, then a meal is prepared and determined while the dowry and the wedding day. At this meeting will not attend the wedding couple. The dowry is fixed in writing and was a few days later legalized by the notary. Before the Second World War was still a zestre foaie us, set up an inventory of the marriage gift. This custom has disappeared, partly because the land was not private property (as Ionescu wrote her book) and for sale or inheritance laws Provide that a fee is payable to the state, which would be payable upon certification by the notary. In the 70 years contract with a business like the furniture shop was set up, whereby we paid off the furniture and TV in installments. Traditionally, the girls
received no land. Only if the family had no sons, was a girl country. As a consequence, brought a daughter a husband on the farm of her parents, the son was then ginerit = intermarried; such a man then received from his parents only livestock and equipment. This case is not the rule. In general, the girl married into the family of the boy and moved to the marriage if not straight into the house, then at least in the residential quarter of the Elete of the groom. The bridegroom received field, construction site, including cattle had a family several sons, the youngest remained at home and took over the duty to care for the parents if they could no longer work. After her death he inherited the house and related fields. Simeon Florea Marian
after the groom got a middle peasant family in the 19th Century by his father, land, cars, animals, house square piece of garden, from his mother's clothes and dresses with the marriage. The girl got livestock, household and kitchen items, carpets, bedding, clothes, furniture, money into the marriage.
When the man lost his wife's dowry, the family could sue him in court. Defrauded a woman lost her husband, their dowry, which the children remained when what was available.
If the two families after the negotiations do not reach agreement, can fill the father of the daughter Bocksbeutel again with brandy on the table in front of the sponsors, which all know that the conversation is over.
If agreed, the two parties, then begin a transition period lasting up to the ceremony, are in the young man as a bridegroom, the young woman as a bride. From now begin the preparations.

The Engagement: The engagement

(logodna) is something new (since 1 WK) and by 2-3 weeks after the advertisement. It serves the members of the groom and bride's family, her close friends to announce the promotion decision. In Oltenia was known only a solemn promise of marriage bond asezare (settlement, decision) called, which was completed simultaneously with the advertising. The word was, according to logodna of Ionescu not all informants known.
If the engagement is celebrated, they place on a Sunday, instead of 2-3 weeks of advertising. The groom comes with multiple blood relatives, godparents, friends, parents to the bride's house, where also relatives, friends, godparents, family of the girl mosi are gathered. The engagement has the character of a family party where the godfather of the groom is playing the lead role. When all the guests have gathered, is the godfather of the bride and groom prior to their engagement ring on (which the groom has bought) and gave a short speech. The fiancee gives her fiancé an embroidered handkerchief, then the inventory of the dowry is read. The following is a cooked meal of the bride, with the participation not the bride, but entertained the guests. The Godfather gives the couple money, depending on the village and the other guests. If it is financially feasible, a chapel dedicated to the groom, so that there is dancing after dinner. The engagement party lasts until the evening, not enter into the night. As the first is the godfather, who announced on leaving the company Trautag. It says loudly: We are supposed to sound on ... to the wedding to see again.

wedding:

wedding participants:

bride and groom:
take part in the wedding: Bride, Groom = mire, mireasa, spouses = miri (dak. origin)
Oltenia: ginere = son, groom

Both are from the other through the transition. They talk themselves too much, others speak for them.
During the wedding are the bride and groom recited texts ceremonial emperor and empress. They are also called sun and moon, it is replaced the wedding of a cosmic dimension. The wedding is in the cosmic union of the Romanian legend of the sun and the moon. -> Read again (at p.293 Ionescu: The sun was getting married, but in the whole world, he could not find a girl as beautiful as the moon, so did the sun the moon, the married sister, wanted by all means it. girls distract him from his desire, and most recently jumped into the sea to escape him. In some versions God transforms into a gold bar that catches a fisherman. When he peels, a shed jumps into the sky and turns into the moon . In other variants, God brings even the Virgin from the waves of the sea, they turned into the moon and it determines the earth forever illuminate during the night. But the sun must then go under if absorbed his beloved sister, never to make more.)
The perfect, perfect wedding is not possible, if this is a major law of humanity is not being respected. In the Romanian fairy tales, there is another mythical pair: Ileana Cosinzeana (luna) and Fat-Frumos (SOAR) (dt Prince Charming), the prince and princess, emperor, empress, so that their wedding at the end possible after they have been initiated by heavy samples, ie, have attained the necessary experience and mystical wisdom. A wedding between Soares and luna, if they are not siblings, and if the corresponding transition rites are performed properly, will constitute the most perfect union between the masculine and feminine principle.

-> The human wedding rites can be understood on a symbolic level as a sacred cosmic wedding.


sponsors:
wedding godparents are the Godparents must be married and be married in church say, they are not, must stand in a different pair from the Taufpatenfamilie. The sponsor must observe some taboos, pursuant to which also the wedding day: it must not be pregnant not given birth, not in the time of menstruation

Nabelmosi-clan of the bridegroom and the bride
must be present at the wedding. The mosi of the groom and the bride sit at the dinner after the ceremony the parents of the groom and the bride at the table next to the sponsor couple. Often the old woman who combs the bride and the dresses moasa that has brought the bride to the world or relatives.

parents:
socru, soacra, Socrier be from advertising to the first Sunday after the ceremony socru / soarca mare parents of the groom, socru / mica soacra the bride's parents called. For the wedding, they equip the children out of marriage goods, everything necessary for the wedding.

hand Schwager:
has important roles in organizing the celebration, is a young, unmarried men or young married man whose both parents must be alive and not divorced, so that danger and to avert bad luck for the couple. In West Oltenia and Muntenia he is so hand-law = cumnat de mina. In Vrancea his name but colace = one who carries the Hochzeitscolac. He speaks from the colocasii = wedding speeches.
During the wedding is the hand-law of the Ambassadors and representatives of the groom, master of ceremonies, who must know all the rules of tradition. During the wedding, he accompanied the bridegroom go anywhere and carry out various tasks on his behalf. As a sign of his dignity he wears a sash of silk and a hat with flowers and leaves. He chooses a few young, unmarried men who help him.
is the home of the bride also elected a hand-law, who belongs to her family and provide for the proper conduct of this taking place wedding phases.

wedding speech supports = colocas, colace:
From the groom must be pre-determined man, who is colocasie oratii = = recite wedding speeches. The ceremonial oratii are poems that are recited during nearly all major phases of the marriage rites of passage. A brief digression on the term Orati: Dan Simonescu Orati out the word in Romanian literary language to the Latin oratio back that would have taken over the Polish oracya, with the meaning of prose speeches that were held at various festive events at the royal or noble houses. The popular wedding speeches will come from these literary talk. In contrast, in Ionescu, that the word Orati in the vernacular and it is little used or used colacarii colocasie however. Both versions come from the word colac = ritual bread, from which also the noun Colac, colocas = the one of the free tight colocasii recited and the ritual with bread and recite the verb a = colocasi wedding speeches descended. From an anthropological point out to Ionescu, Romania, in that we know little practice, the farmers had acquired by aristocrats. And a third reason leads to Ionescu: the oratii would have been kept in the nobility of other parties and in prose; Cantemir writes exactly the opposite, namely that the wedding speeches in verse recited and shaped by the peasant wedding speeches strongly with their rich mythological and ritualistic thought content were. It is true that in the higher layers in Moldova dr Moldovan society in the 16th And 17 century, where a certain cultural influence of Poland, but the influence is limited to a few nobles, at the the University of Krakow have studied, and to the Principality of Moldavia, while the other Romanian countries used to have little contact with Poland. The peasant wedding speeches can be found but all Romanians, Ionescu therefore concludes that the wedding speeches are among the Romanians in any way connected to the various occasions in aristocratic courts outspoken speeches.
colace colocas Back to:, the hand-law and the colace, and may be the same person. Ionescu writes that in most villages, the task of colocas only the speaker. He can also be an older man. In every village there are some specialized speaker that the poems by heart know, they recite are beautiful and often during their recitation new metaphors. The colocas is determined by the bridegroom and part of the "imperial court". The more beautiful the colocas the colocasii recited, the groom must not be more proud. Also at times Ionescu nor were the poems of the peasant with a kind of "religion" is a member. were recited over a wedding on the beautiful seals, is spoken for a long time in the village.

fir carrier / Bradari:
The groom determined two boys, whose parents still live, who have then during the wedding, the wedding fir.

drake / Ratoi:
The bride selects their relationship two married women who look after the dowry they bring to the house of the groom and stand up there. In Nordoltenien they also receive the train of the groom at the gate of Brauthofs. In Südoltenien the word zaloaga = the Pledged (Zalog = deposit) is used and referred to an old woman watching the dowry.

Some of the bride's chosen people:
first a boy, living his parents yet and is pure (ie converted or no sexual life), which also can be both hand-law of the bride, and he plays an important role in the separation rites the bride
a girl, whose parents still live, the flour for the ritual bread riddled. In some villages it accompanied the boy in the execution of the separation rites.
bride sisters, the girls of the bride (with urban influence: domnisoare de onoare): Some girl from the relatives and friends that will always stay by her side. They form the imperial court. They accompany the bride to the groom's house. All others remain including the parents at home.

The two families are determined from their relationship a few older women who cook, led by the mothers. They accept only part of the wedding from the kitchen. A self-description as in Transylvania (socaita) they have not.

Each of the two fathers-ever define a cellar master. If you are older and trustworthy men who belong to the groom or bride clan. You get the cellar key of the house and are responsible for the drinks. Last

be obliged trumpet and horn players from the groom to go before the Bräutigamszug and announce important moments of the wedding by trumpet and horn signals.
Each of the two families ordered a band.

Total:
The wedding guests share one during the wedding in three groups:
the clan of the bridegroom and belonging to her friends and neighbors
the family of the bride and belonging to her friends and neighbors
the family and the friends of the couple's godfather.

Wedding Date:
, certain religious prohibitions and the specifics of the agricultural calendar are considered in the determination of the date. According to the Orthodox Church may no weddings during the Feast of the Assumption, Christmas and Osterfastens be held. Moreover, intensive agricultural work to prevent in the spring, summer. Usually they are therefore in the fall between 15 August and 15 Between November and Christmas and the beginning of the Osterfastens instead. If the families of the couple or the sponsor someone dies, to one year after the death of a relative first degree and at least 40 days to wait after the death of a not so close relatives. If, however, occurs in one of the families immediately prior to the wedding already prepared a death, they will be moving only a short period of mourning. However, such a marriage is not celebrated as intense as usual. In Oltenia, the time between the advertisement and the wedding will be very short: 4-6 weeks.

typology of weddings:
1) Big Wedding: 8 days (Saturday-Sunday)
2) Small Wedding: 3 days (Saturday-Monday)
3) wedding night: Sunday through Monday; for already married, then no + All rites of passage completed
difference between 1 and 2, only duration
between 1, 2 and 3 also other differences

Wedding: 3 main phases
1) phase before the ceremony: Separation rites: from advertising to the date of marriage, on Thursday or the Friday night from Saturday to Sunday, after the celebration of the stag nights
2) Sunday; center wedding on Sunday at noon, church sacrament corresponding to core moment; morning on Sunday many separation rites, after leaving the church integration rites, although separation phase not yet entirely complete
3) Monday at dawn Tuesday tomorrow (or on the evening of next Sunday), integration of the bride, new relations between the two families to strengthen

First phase:
invitation to the wedding: chemarea la Nunta
whole village is called Wedding Bitter on Saturday morning
preparation of the ritual bread: Bake the Hochzeitscolaci (large Hochzeitscolac in the house of the bride; Colac the pine tree in the house of the groom) on Friday before Trautag, ritual function and gifts from sponsors
preparation of food: on Friday is not a battle because of fasting, cleaning, baking, on Saturday slaughter and prepare the food
Saturday night for the fir: la brad (eve): separation of unmarried youth of the village in the house of the bride and groom. They dance to music. Meanwhile, the gifts for the sponsors will be presented to them at home. The bradari bring the fir tree in the courtyard of the sponsors. This is the symbolic sign that even in this house a wedding is celebrated. Then around the train back to the groom. When groom at home is also decorated a fir tree. The big wedding fir (about 2 m high) is cut from the fir beams in three spheres. A little around the top, middle, and a wider bottom and adorned last. To the fir a dance is danced, Hora Bradului.
is then a train young men to the wedding and two smaller pine fir, which brings the gifts of the bridegroom to the bride and her family. Arriving at the courtyard of the bride, they wait at the threshold. The father of the bride comes and welcomes the hand-law, the fir and the young men. Only then did they enter the yard and the hand-law a speech addressed to the gathering. After the speech the bride enters with her mother and the bridesmaids out of the house, his hand a speech addressed to her brother, the gifts of the bridegroom gives the bride and then danced with the pine tree in the yard. The messengers of the groom then return and is celebrated in both houses until midnight. For the bride it is the eve to the end. The groom is still shaved after midnight, so the groom passed by the boy.

On Trautag:

Trautag: early in the groom on Sunday Guests and musicians come in the yard and house tables are laid, pick up the godfather (Westoltenien: front window of the godfather song is played at dawn, only then can all enter into the house; Zorile la NAS) and bring the wedding godfather to the groom's house, then forms a large elevator, which moves to the home of the bride, in order for the ceremony to pick
in the house of the bride dressing of the bride, unmarried members of the bridal family, neighbors and friends are dancing and dancing in the courtyard to bride with bucket, then go the whole train accompanied by musicians to the third well in the east, all that will be met on the road to get liquor or wine from a bag Bock (lyrics S.329), the well filled up the bride to the bucket 3 times, until the water is pure and good (living water), back in the home of Bräutigamszug
is received, it held several wedding speeches. The moment of separation has come: the sponsor is in the house of the bride to the bridal bouquet, the bride cries, song "take your bride Goodbye" played (S.353)
follows Next, the pardon iertăciunea, kneel before the bride and groom Parents of the bride and ask them for directory for all the sins they have committed against parents (S.354-8)
then held the little feast in the home of the bride, guests bring gifts with and celebrate into the night, the parents of the bride and the bride remains in the family court and not accompanied the couple in the church and the parents of the groom. Bridal separates from the farm of her parents -> to train together with fir on top, go to church.
Now held a church wedding.
go after the church ceremony all the house of the groom. Arriving at the house of the groom takes the
take great delight. In the house of parents of the bride's hair is combed from the new sponsor and covered with a headscarf woman. For the bride to wife has become. (Coverage of the bride)

After Trautag:
The song of the dawn (Zorile) is at the door the wedding room at dawn after Trautag sung by musicians.
the morning (usually Monday morning) are the parents of the bride and all her guests to the groom's house and the two families celebrate on together.




place before the wedding, the advertising (petire) and the definition of dowry (zestre).
The young man is accompanied by his godfather to the parents of the woman who wants to marry. If parents and daughter are in agreement, then a meal is prepared and determined the dowry. At this meeting will not attend the wedding couple. The dowry is fixed in writing. The sons took land, cars, animals, house square piece of garden, laundry and clothes in with the marriage. The girl livestock, household and kitchen items, carpets, bedding, clothes, furniture, money into the marriage.
The Engagement (logodna) is new and is 2-3 weeks after the advertisement. In Oltenia was known only a solemn promise of marriage bond asezare (settlement, decision) called, which was completed simultaneously with the advertising.

wedding:

take part in the wedding: bride, groom, godparents (wedding godparents have to be married), the Nabelmosi-clan of the groom and the bride's parents-in-hand brother (a young unmarried man, who during the heyday of the Ambassadors of his groom) together with some young men to help the hand-law, colace or colocas = holding a man in the wedding speeches (oratii), two young men, who have the fir (bradari), hand-law for the woman, some girls at the bride's stay (domnisoare de onoare), old women who cook, butler, live music, wedding guests: family of the bride and groom, friends and neighbors, family and friends of the couple's godfather.
wedding can be held just outside of Lent. They usually find in the fall between 15 August and 15 Between November and Christmas and the beginning of the Osterfastens instead.

typology of weddings:
1) Great Wedding: 8 days (Saturday-Sunday)
2) Small Wedding: 3 days (Saturday-Monday)
3) night wedding: Sunday to Monday, when already married, then not all the rites of passage completed
between 1 and 2, only duration between different
1, 2 and 3 also other differences

Wedding: 3 main phases
first) phase of the wedding: Separation rites: from advertising to the date of marriage, on Thursday or the Friday night from Saturday on Sunday, after the celebration of the stag nights
2) Sunday; center wedding on Sunday at noon, church sacrament corresponding to core moment, on Sunday morning, many rites of separation, after leaving the Church Integration rites, although separation phase not yet entirely complete
3) Mondays at dawn until Tuesday morning (or evening of the next Sunday), integration of the bride, new relations between the two families to strengthen

First phase:
invitation to the wedding: chemarea la Nunta
whole village is called Wedding Bitter on Saturday morning
preparation of the ritual bread: Bake the Hochzeitscolaci (large Hochzeitscolac in the house of the bride; Colac the pine tree in the house of the groom) on Friday before Trautag, ritual function and gifts from sponsors
Preparation of food: no battles on Friday as fasting cleaning, baking, and battles on Saturday Preparing the food for Saturday evening
fir: la brad (eve): separation of unmarried youth of the village in the house of the bride and groom. They dance to music. Meanwhile, the gifts for the sponsors will be presented to them at home. The bradari bring the fir in the yard of the sponsors. This is the symbolic sign that even in this house a wedding is celebrated. Then around the train back to the groom. When groom at home is also decorated a fir tree. The big wedding fir (about 2 m high) is cut from the fir beams in three spheres. A little around the top, middle, and a wider bottom and adorned last. To the fir is a dance dance, Hora Bradului.
is then a train young men to the wedding and two smaller pine fir, which brings the gifts of the bridegroom to the bride and her family. Arriving at the courtyard of the bride, they wait at the threshold. The father of the bride comes and welcomes the hand-law, the fir and the young men. Only then did they enter the yard and the hand-law a speech addressed to the gathering. After the speech the bride enters with her mother and the bridesmaids out of the house, his hand a speech addressed to her brother, the gifts of the bridegroom gives the bride and then danced with the pine tree in the yard. The messengers of the groom then return and is celebrated in both houses until midnight. For the bride it is the eve to the end. The groom is still shaved after midnight, so the groom passed by the boy.

On Trautag:

Trautag: early in the groom on Sunday are guests and musicians, in the yard and house tables are laid, pick up the godfather (Westoltenien: front window of the godfather song is played at dawn, only after all allowed in the house occur; Zorile la NAS) and bring the wedding godfather to the groom's house, then buy a large elevator that runs to the house of the bride, in order for the ceremony to pick
in the house of the bride dressing of the bride, unmarried members of the bride's family, Neighbors and friends are round and dance in the courtyard to bride with bucket, then go the whole train accompanied by musicians to the third well in the east, all that will be met on the road to get liquor or wine from a buck bag (lyrics S.329 ) at the well pours the bride to 3 times the bucket, until the water is pure and good (living water), back in the home of Bräutigamszug
is received, it held several wedding speeches. The moment of separation has come: the sponsor is in the house of the bride to the bridal bouquet, the bride cries, song "take your bride Goodbye" played (S.353)
follows Next, the pardon iertăciunea; Bride and groom kneel before the bride's parents and ask them to directories for all the sins they have committed against parents (S.354-8)
then takes the small feast held in the home of the bride, guests bring gifts, and also to celebrate in the night, the parents of the bride and the bride remains in the family court and not accompanied the couple in the church and the parents of the groom. Bridal separates from the farm of her parents -> to train together with fir on top, go to church.
Now held a church wedding.
go after the church ceremony all the house of the groom. Arriving at the house of the groom held the great feast. In the house of his parents is the hair of the bride of the Godmother and combed again covered with a headscarf woman. For the bride to wife has become. (Coverage of the bride)

After Trautag:
The song of the dawn (Zorile) is sung at the door of the bridal room at dawn after Trautag of musicians.
the morning (usually Monday morning) are the parents of the bride and all her guests to the groom's house and the two families celebrate on together.


1.e. The great feast at the home of the groom

After the dance of the bride was dancing set, all the guests at the table. The Godfather place sitting on the seat of honor next to these, the Mosi-pair the groom family and other Dorfhonoratioren if invited. All the couples sit side by side, only the unmarried young men and women sit at a separate table. The bridal couple, the parents-in-hand in-law and his assistants, the butler, the cooks use the others. During the meal, the musicians play funny songs. Before or after the meal, guests sit at the table, come the women who have guarded the dowry of the bride in a horse cart or truck with the dowry. Everyone gathers around the car and especially the young men trying to steal something to annoy the women. The dowry is brought into a room and the woman s watch over the door.
Before the roast on the table comes, there will be a major ceremony: the delivery of gifts.
A sort of procession approaches the sponsors. First, the hand-law, then the bride and groom, followed by the musicians who play the "song of the Godfather films. The text congratulated the sponsors for the beautiful bride and groom, he's married, and then he will be asked to open his wallet to give the bride and groom a generous gift for the opening of her new family. After the song was sung, is on the sponsor and submit to the hand-law carried by the tray upon which may be bread, a fried turkey or a suckling pig, through his gift of money, which he says: From me less of God more! The bridal couple will live long and happy! The hand-law says the amount that has given the inspiration, which all "Long live the Godfather couple!" Call. Then kiss the bride and groom the Godfather and Godmother to shake hands with them and their gifts: a shirt for the sponsor or a sleep suit and a towel, and the godmother a blouse or a dress, 2 pillows and a hand or head scarf.
Then the whole procession moves on, the hand stops his brother before each tray, the musicians sing a few verses of irony about the person and bad character traits (eg, greed), but the person should not get angry. The host sets the cash gift on the tray, congratulated the bride and groom and says the traditional formula: less of me, of God more! The hand-law proclaimed aloud the sum and all call out "Let him live!" The couple thanked at all, and kisses the hand of the elderly.
Only the married guests and while the husbands (and widowers) to give money as a gift. The sum is greater if the person has come with several relatives. A woman is only money if absent for some reason her husband is. According to Ionescu but give the unmarried young men or widowed women and girls no money as a gift.
In urban influence are given more and more household items. These gifts are been the morning of the wedding day to the parents of the bridegroom and are then also announced. After the gifts have been collected, it turn the roast on the table and the feast continues. Hand-law, bridal couple and godfather to go together to the house and count the money. The hand-law then communicates with all that money was collected, and thanks again on behalf of the couple. After the gifts were collected, can also begin the dance. The table should never be left empty, there must always be on something to eat and to drink as wine, fruit, cake. In the evening, brought back from new food on the table and starts over.

1.f. The coverage of the bride go

Over dinner in the evening Godmother of the bride in the room would be where the young couple. The sponsor is the bride on a chair and takes off her veil, the gold threads and the bridal crown. Then it meshes with the bride and a woman makes her hairstyle. The girls hairstyle is a single braid. This resolves the godmother, combs his hair and makes her the woman, ie, two braids, which are then tied in a braided knot. Then the bride is covered by the sponsor, ie it covers her head with a woman's headscarf. (Even if the bride has short hair, this ceremony is performed). During the ceremony, the musicians play the song "Silence, bride, weep no more":

-> Text Ionescu p. 379

After the completion of this integration rite, which includes a separation rite, go back to the bride and the other to the guests. Everyone dances and eats until the pair of the patent 'departure marks "there. If you want, just stay and party all night, but have the godfather and his family later than go home before midnight. It is accompanied by the bride and groom, the hand-law, the musicians and other young people home. Then turn them back. The mother accompanied the pair to his room, where she has made some preparations beforehand to ensure fertility and happiness of the new marriage with magic acts. These magical Attempts to influence the future are different from village to village. You put such a yoke under the bed so that the pair remains bound. Or one on the table a tray to which you a bowl of wheat and maize with an egg, wine, and the rest of the wedding presents colac.

the House of the parents of the bride's hair is combed from the new sponsor and covered with a headscarf woman. For the bride to wife has become. (Coverage of the bride)


second After Trautag:

The celebrations and rites after Trautag to consolidate the new bond. The Wedding transition was completed with the wedding night, but the integration of the couple must still be completed and the new relations between the clans to be consolidated.


2.1. The song of the dawn (Zorile)

The song of the dawn (Zorile) is a ceremonial song. The Zorile be viewed as three mythical creatures, the sisters of soare. (It is also in the death rites of passage is sung. In Oltenia only Nordmehedinti and Nordgorj.) It is sung at the door of the bridal room at dawn after Trautag of musicians.

-> S.381-2 together read

Ends the song must immediately open the door of the groom. If he does not, and still sleeps, one is making fun of him and he has to pay the musicians a roast goose as a punishment. If the groom opens the door to go his mother and sometimes the sponsor or another woman from the tribe in the room to check the "honor of the bride." The review will take place only rarely. Previously they lacked before. In almost all cases, everything was in order and found the women were very happy from the room into the courtyard, where they danced with the bride's nightie. Then you could put the gate of the court a table, on it a bucket of red wine or liquor and the whole morning to come and the good of every bride to drink.
In Oltenian level you went to the house of bride's parents, where they, especially the mother of the bride, were praised for the education of the bride. Although today is no longer or only rarely entered into the wedding room, the other customs are followed. If the bride was not a virgin before, she was in a difficult position. It was sometimes returned to her parents and her name was forever linked with infamy. Very often, the groom tried to knock out a bigger dowry. In the areas where the song is not sung at dawn, is also not a publication of the result instead of the wedding night. The bride and groom walk alone in her room, even try to leave no score, it noted. If a Guest but she does leave the party, he says nothing.

-> regional difference in Oltenia (level - not level) S.383 quote from an informant


2.2. The completion of the family and social integration of the couple

Usually on Monday evening, but today more and more to come on Sunday evening, the parents of the bride and all her guests to the groom's house and the two families celebrate on together. The war is now forgotten and the two families now form one family. As part of the big wedding was formerly celebrated throughout the week always in another house of the groom, the bride, the godfather. Next Sunday But the two sets of parents, met the Godfather with his wife and the couple without young people. There was a lunch at one of the three houses, that was purely informal and locked the whole marriage rites of passage. Ionescu also times of this conclusion was also eating at the 3-day type of wedding on Sunday after the ceremony.


third Marriage rites of passage for special cases: first

If that were with the bride and groom (or only one of them) married before.
second If one of the two engaged couples in a distant village or town has in his home and his family.
third If the bride and groom before marriage in the village known relationships with each other have had, especially if the wedding during the pregnancy of the bride or even after a child was already born, takes place.
4th If one of the two engaged couples is not Romanian.

All these cases are exceptions made and why certain changes in internal structure of the system of rites of passage.

Ad 1) If one or both spouses were already married, it means that they have already been initiated and have made the transition already high time that they are already in heaven as a married man.
divorcee in the village as people are widowed. The Orthodox Church, she does but only for a second time, when the priest for the person has previously read a special Mass and Absolution is because they have committed a sin by the divorce. (This is handled less and less severe)
When engaged couples in the form of widow by death or divorce, the second marriage is no longer celebrated in style. Especially when they no longer young, they celebrate the wedding night. It invites a few guests who come only on Sunday morning to escort the bride and groom to the church clock at 12. Then there will be a lunch to celebrate until the evening and by Monday morning.
If both spouses were previously married before, you will decorate fir no more. It takes only the fertility rites emphasizing: the bride fetches water from the well, she bakes a wedding colac. If
but especially the bride was not previously married, must be performed all the rites that bring their separation from their parents, their initiation and their integration into the groom family to express. The fir tree is decorated in such a case to the sky for his testimony, that she was married on Earth. It celebrates a normal three-day wedding.

Ad 2) If the couple only have come from neighboring villages, one finds that already described rite held at the village border, not at the gate of the bride. The wedding (alai) is shut off the passage and only one payment from the sponsors they can get through. However, if the home villages of the couple are far apart, they usually celebrate only the house of one of the two sets of parents. In such a case the Rites, the far-off parents do not take affect. Only parents, siblings and godparents are from the family, which is far away.

Ad 3) Previously, couples who already had intimate relations with each other before the wedding, very rare, but public opinion has condemned it. Such marriages were celebrated only in the narrow circle of the family. Although it has decorated the fir, and especially at the eve of the bride was held only a very small scale. The text of the pardon, but was more detailed than usual. Very often, the bride at the wedding was no longer dressed as a bride, because it was no longer a virgin. And even if she wore a formal gown, she was allowed to wear a bridal wreath, under any circumstances, because she was no longer pure.

Ad 4) The marriage of Romanians with people of other nations is seen negatively. A quote illustrates this:

è S.386 read together

Furthermore Ionescu describes a case between a Serb and a Romanian. Both parents were reluctant to this wedding and only after the couple had received a child, the parents have to forgive the pair (the grandson) and agreed to the wedding.

first First phase: before Trautag
second Saturday evening to fir: la brad (eve)


first Supplement for the last time: First phase: before Trautag:

invitation to the wedding: chemarea la Nunta

-> read as a supplement at Marian chapter chemarea "p.199-204, regional disparities within Romania, important ritual formulas

second Saturday evening to fir: la brad (eve) or Saturday night at the groom or bride

goal: separating unmarried youth of the village in the house of the bride and groom. It also celebrates the House of godparents.
schedule: On Saturday afternoon, come the musicians, each a chapel in each of the two Families. You will receive a lunch and then they start to play.
be when the bride's house all the gifts that prepares the bride to the groom and his family must be the sponsor and others and the Myrthensträuße for guests the next day, then with every guest on the chest; earlier also received the guests a handkerchief that had made the bride. The girls sew the bride's veil to the crown. Today's wedding dress, bridal wreath of wax flowers and white veil is purchased in the city. Previously the bride wore a veil, but the bridal bouquet with silk ribbons that fell down the back. During the bridal wreath was woven, the musicians played the song "take your bride farewell.
The groom gathered while girls and boys. After 6 clock were the gifts, ie foods, such as 5 liters of liquor, 10 liters of wine, a goose or a turkey, 5, 7 or 9 Colaci (well, an odd number), sugar and honey, from hand-law to sponsor a flower and pine branches decorated basket brought. The hand-law are also Bradari = fir carrier. In some villages, also goes with the groom, but mostly he stays with the guests at home. The delegation also includes the colocas, the wedding speech, then the follow-playing musicians. Arriving at the sponsors, they find even a small Society. The Godfather with his relatives and friends they expect. The delegation welcomed the sponsors and the other, and wedding speech then recites the "wedding speech for the Godfather" (Colocasia nasului). The speaker said that they had been sent by their Emperor to thank the venerable godfather because he wants to trust him with the beautiful and proud empress. As a token of his gratitude, the Emperor has also sent gifts. He would like the Godfather and his court, all to eat healthy and happy. The Godfather thanks and invites all to drink a glass of wine on the welfare of the couple. It remains a half-hour, eats, drinks, and the fir tie key brought the firs on both sides of the door of the Court's godfather. It is the symbolic sign that even in this House wedding is celebrated.
then returns the train to the groom. Click to decorate the fir tree, which is the main symbol of the wedding.

few words on the wedding fir:

The word is brad Dacian origin.
The wedding fir is about 2 m high and it is to have four smaller 1-1.5 m high pines. They are taken from the fir beams from the forest on Saturday morning. The big fir tree must be very beautiful, round, with Patru Corle de Coroana, indicating that the four major branches in a horizontal section of the four cardinal points. At the same time form the vertical through the midpoint of Strain bound four branches of the cross symbol. The pine shall be grown geometrically in space and form a cone, whose roots in the earth and whose top is in heaven. It follows the fir a clear picture of the cosmic tree and by extension, the cosmic mountain, which continue to the old myths, the connection between heaven and earth.

The ritual of decorating fir:

is in the middle of the court, the mother of the groom at a round table with three legs. On the table is a table cloth and placed on a round colac. The mother sprinkled some salt on the Colac Colac and in the middle of a lighted candle is placed. During these preparations, all those present to remain calm. The Groom then provides all liquor and immediately begin the great fir fir carrier to cut so that form three spheres. A smaller around the top, middle, and a wider bottom. In the fir reflects the cosmogony. The fir is the sky pillar, the caduceus, while the three spheres representing the three spheres that must be addressed by the consecrated people to the sky to reach the transcendent. The pine is then decorated with colorful paper strips and placed on the table instead of the candle. All unmarried people are now the hora around = tire, dance round dance and the hora Bradului the fir.

è song hear from cassette: 1 Nunta de la Cântări şi pe Vlaşca Teleorman: Cântecul Bradului (5:03) Hora Bradului (1:22)
second Glasuri Ţărăneşti: Cintec ceremonial de la Nunta împodobirea Bradului (5:03)
third Petrecere lăurtari cu (II): Cintec ritual de Nunta: Bradului Hora (1:11)


Other variant:
form in the courtyard of the groom all unmarried present a large circle, as if they want to dance a dance, but they dance not, but remain motionless. You stick to your hands and only one place remains open circle. A girl, whose parents still live, brings a round table and puts it into the middle of the circle. On the table, it represents a clay bowl with wine, in which there is a (gold, silver) coin. Then she climbs on the table. At this moment one of the two pine carrier, which is pure, whose parents still live and are not divorced, in with the pine in the circle. As soon as he crosses the circle formed by the border, the dance is concluded. The musicians play the hora Bradului, but may not move or talk to. The other silent outside the circle. The silence symbolizes the beginning of time when there was no movement in space was, except a kind of perpetual vibration, which here symbolizes the music. Only the young, pure boy goes with solemn, even steps through this ritual again created Urraum. He goes well into the middle where the girl is waiting at the top of the table on him. He is just her stand out, then he begins to pine for the round table to go around. In the time when the boy around the table, which now represents a center of the world, moving around, the girls decorated the fir with two yarns, a red (male) and white (female). Up to the top it binds with a marama (from untwisted silk), two apples (or corn stalks) and the small colac from the mother of the groom. Then the girls decorated the fir with some paper tape and gold threads. All this must happen very quickly, as the fir carrier is only three times around the table. If he comes to the original point on, the girl rises from the table and the musicians begin to play Bradului hora. The young men move clockwise circle around the center. The scene in the middle remains motionless. Beside the table stands the fir, which is right held by the boy and left of the girl. When the cycle ends the third time dancing around the fir tree, the ritual is complete. The fir is playing in the following rites play an important role and is always present. It is always carried forward to the elevator and taken to church, or at least before the church. This reveals that the sky through the mediation of the fir tree as a symbol of the axis mundi, the earthly wedding was announced and that was a cosmogonic myth that marriage of people to a cosmic wedding by the repetition of dance, music and gestures.

Next, a group of young men that the fir trees and the gifts of the bridegroom to the bride and her family to bring. The groom is not accompanied the train. The train preceded the fir carrier; with a large fir tree, another with the two small fir trees, which are then sent to the gate or on the roof top of the bride's parents' house bound. Behind the pines go hand-law and the speakers, the gifts . Who Then the other boys, and finally the musicians. Up to 2 WK rode the young men on horses and had guns with him, from which they fired to announce their arrival and to prove their bravery. (See homepage picture). When the young men arrive at the bride, the gates are wide open, but participants do not exceed the threshold, but remain at the gates are. The father of the bride steps out to the guests, but he remains on the inner side of the gates are. Behind him, several young men of his clan. The father is the hand-in-law and the fir accepted with the following words: Be welcome! You have well thought out, settle up with us! And most of the fir I prostrate myself and wish you good health, as well as the person who sent you here. Amen! (-> To read in Romanian)
Then enter the heroes of the emperor in the court and go to the front door. Now comes the question colocasia Bradului = fir, fir = vorbele Bradului words, which is a proclamation of the bridegroom to the bride. Read

è text together now in German and Romanian Ionescu p.319

the bride will appear on the prispa = porch, verandah, is it accompanied by her mother and bridesmaids. The speaker addressed to them:

è text read together in Ionescu p.319-321 German and Romanian

Now approaching the bride and integrates beautifully embroidered towel or her braciri = Bauer belt on the lower part of the tribe. Then, the fir is danced by the spruce carrier in the middle of the dance. In the eastern and western border regions of Oltenia, the fir tied to a pole and this is then plugged into the eastern corner of the farm into the ground. The next day, when the groom comes to fetch the bride, he must climb or one of his friends at the bar and bring down the fir. Was not the fir untied the top, then is there a colac or a corn stalk. Another variant provides that the fir is brought to the dance back to the house of the groom. On the bride's house the two smaller pines are tied to the gate.
passes after the dance of the bride's brother-fir hand the gifts of the groom: a wedding dress, veil and crown, shirt or blouse and parents get towels, siblings get a naframa (larger head or embroidered handkerchief). The gifts are given with a certain ceremony, sometimes a speech to do so. The bride is thanks to the neck of the brother-in-hand, the fir beams and the wedding speech ever an embroidered towel holder made of silk, then hand it gives the brother-her gift for the groom (shirt). Finally, all are treated to wine. The messengers remain about half an hour and return then returned to the groom.

on the western border to the Banat Oltenia is the rite of marriage fir nearly gone, replaced by the wedding flag was, which is probably due to influence of the Banat Swabians or patriotism (?). The fir beams are thus replaced by standard-bearers. Used to be red, yellow and blue silk ribbons, bells, gold thread, and sometimes flowers and leaves. The flag is but like the pine on Saturday evening ritually decorated, dancing in the middle of the dance brought into the church and also symbolizes the cosmic tree (pole, column, bar), during the time of the sacred rites of passage, the Connection with the sky and with what happened earlier, resumes. After

are the messengers of the groom returned from the bride, celebrated on in both houses. It eats, drinks, dances until shortly before midnight. At the eve of the bride then ends. At the groom nor is there an important rite of separation: the barbers. Just after midnight to set up a chair in the middle of the room. The groom is shaved on the chair and the hand-law. All guests were raised around them, the musicians play and sing a special song.

-> read text together in German and Romanian (p.323-324)
- listen to 'Song of tape: La Fanfare de Zece Prajini (4:27)

After barbers embraced the groom all unmarried men who took part.

derogation from this description of this rite Barbierens take place on Sunday morning. Then there is the dressing of the groom, and in turn is a song sung. Above, the groom hugging after the song all the boys.

-> text on p. 324-325

changes:
The Stag becomes Ionescu times usually held in the home culture, so that both the friends of the groom and the bride present. The Stag is then a kind of ball with modern music, not folk dances. It will be integrated in this new way to decorate the fir tree, the ceremony of gifts and the barbers of the groom. The bride adorns this the fir in the middle of the ballroom, after which the dance is danced. Even the barbers found in the middle of the room instead of just before midnight.
is different in these cases that the bride and groom will meet this evening in addition to the fir, which was strictly forbidden according to tradition. Furthermore, the fir tree is now decorated by the bride and not a girl who belongs to the bridegroom family. Please do

is that through the implementation of this rite in a different place and not in the homes of the couple, they are no longer symbolic before Trautag exempt from the profane world and are intended for religious centers for the conduct of the wedding.



Content:

first The Trautag
1.a. When groom
1.b. When the bride
1.c. Receiving the groom to the bride train
1.d. The placement of the bridal wreath


On Trautag:

1.a. When Groom: The groom
come on Sunday morning, guests and musicians together in the yard and the yard and the house tables are laid, the groom gets dressed and hand his brother the groom put flower on the chest.
The groom, hand-law, the musicians and some young men then go early in the morning at 9 clock pick up the spade. (In Westoltenien the musicians play in front of the window of the sponsors of the song "Dawn at the godfather" (Zorile la nas), and only then can all enter into the house). The house will have the Godfather, his family, his guests (neighbors and friends) gathered. After a few festive greetings go, the two groups of guests, the groom and the godparents, the parents of the groom. Here, the godfather is received with great honor, we offer everyone a glass of brandy or wine, sometimes something to eat. The musicians skewer, but it will not dance. Then buy a large elevator that runs to the house of the bride to the ceremony to collect them.

1.b. For the bride:
Sunday come early first women and girls, and later young men to the bride. Before the Bräutigamszug important matters, are two important rites of separation of the bride from her family and carried on their boys 'and girls' group. 1. The dressing of the bride; 2 Bringing the water first
Dressing the Bride: The bride is
of an old woman belonging to her clan, dressed to the bride and engages them in the presence of other women and girls. The old woman can also be Nabelschnurmoasa or someone from the Moasa clan. During the ceremony, the musicians play in the next room, "Take your bride Goodbye" and the bride weep. This is attracted to the bride's wedding dress, only the wedding crown and the veil be drawn up by the sponsor later.
second Bringing the water:
This rite was performed at every wedding, which was present Ionescu, because he is bound by Ionescu a separation rite fertilization with rich symbols.
After the bride was dressed and their unmarried relatives and friends have gathered, all form a big dance in the courtyard and dance. In the middle of the dance is the bride with a boy, whose parents still live and out of no sexual life, and with the girl who has Duch sifted flour and decorate a new bucket of flowers, pine branches and a basil herb cuffs. They then cover the pot with a new cloth and put the loop through a yoke. When everything is ready, they go to fetch water. At the top of the train go bride with a buck bag with liquor or wine, and the boy. The bride left the boy with the yoke and it bears right. In addition to the bride's the girl who will wear the way back the yoke instead of the bride, while they will offer the people to drink. Behind these three people, all unmarried members of the bridal family, neighbors, friends and musicians. The train goes from the house to the east to the third well, which are often determined by the roadside for the souls of the dead, and of Priests were ordained by a special rite. Heading the musicians play a song that particularly emphasizes the meaning of fertility rite.
è lyrics S.329

When the train arrives at the well, the bride gets to the boy, the water from the well, pour it into the bucket, which is out of the ground, but the bride filled the bucket with the right foot . The spilling is repeated again. Only the third bucket contains good pure water. The overturning and spilling is a magical-ritual gesture, which occurs often at weddings, death rites of passage and in fairy tales. Ionescu sees in the ritual knocking over a separation from the past and a fresh start. The transition is represented symbolically by the sudden overturning. Water is a fecundity / fertility-use substance. The three-time spilling can also be read as a magic act by which one gets the magic water. This overturned the water, a small stream that Izvorul de apa = water source is cited, which means no secular source, but a sacred, from which flows the living water = apa vie.
After the bucket was filled three times to take the bride and boy, each with the right hand, the basil cuffs, dip it into the water and spray it in all directions, first east, then west, south and north. During this cosmic sign through which scattered the bride living water everywhere ritually touched the girls try to be by the water droplets as they are to marry soon. Meanwhile, the next song is played by the musicians. Jump
her maiden and run in order to quickly get a large drop from the holy water so that it also makes wedding, a large and beautiful wedding, as a noble Empress!
form then all the young girls and men dancing in a ring in the middle of the road and around the bride and the young, who also dance around the bucket in their midst. After the dance, the handle of the water bucket again inserted through the yoke and the girl and carried the boy home. The bride offers go to all that she meets, liquor or wine from the box bag. People congratulate her. On the way, the train stops at the two wells, where water is not the group made there and dancing in a ring as above. Back home, the bride's father offers to all liquor or wine, sometimes for dinner. The bucket with the living water is placed in the corner until the bridegroom comes.
1.c. The reception of the groom, train the parents of the bride:

The departure of Bräutigamszug is announced in some villages by a fanfare of trumpets or horn signals. These go by train ahead about 200 meters. The train consists of the following persons:
First the wedding fir, pine beside the second carrier, which carries the wedding candles. This wedding candles are two thick, about 1 m long white candles that are below their peaks decorated with flowers, leaves and silk ribbons. During the wedding ceremony, then the candles on the right and left of the bride and groom from his godfather and godmother kept.
Behind them is the godfather of the groom with his right hand, and the godmother to his left. Then come the hand-law, the speaker and then the other guests and musicians. Until the Second World War were the men on horses with guns, from which they fired, and the women in carriages, the horses and carriages with flowers and leaves were decorated. Here rode the