remote grazing
7. Unterrichtsstunde am 23.06.2005: Fernweidewirtschaft
Literature:
Lindemann, Dietmar: Fernweidewirtschaft in Rumänien - dargestellt am Beispiel der Südkarpaten (Poiana und Covasna Sibiu). Braunschweiger Geographische Studien, Sonderhefte 3.
Braunschweig 1979 Kaser, Karl: Family und auf dem Verwandtschaft Balkan .- Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, 1995
The concept of remote grazing: Summary of Lindemann
Topic: remote grazing
concept of remote pasture presented me with example (Lindemann p.2-11)
term is remote grazing to K. Kayser back (west of Montenegro, a cultural geographical representation 1931)
general term migrant livestock WD Hütteroth (mountain nomads and Yaylabauern middle Kurdish Taunus 1959): "that form of animal husbandry, in which, in contrast to the fixed herd cattle, the animals usually periodically at certain seasons are driven to pasture areas of the other whereabouts are too far removed to allow direct management and also not be used as pasture land during the year. "
term remote grazing by A. Beuermann (remote pasture in South East Europe, a contribution to the cultural geography of the Eastern Mediterranean 1967) and U. Sprengel (The walking hearth industry in Central and South Italian Space 1971): so change: assertion "not during the year used as grazing land" disputed, added: areas are far away from each other and communicate with the living and production areas in any spatial context or are often not associated with them Economic complex
Sprengel transhumance economy means "the site seasonally changing economy that is based on a herd owner and his direct, predominantly market-oriented use."
remote grazing
3 main forms:
1) alpine Serviced 2) transhumance 3) nomadism
characteristics:
management 1) close of the cattle in winter (stabled), close economic interconnections between the field cropping justified Heimgut and on grazing pasture-oriented, short distance between summer and winter site -> Romania: wide on second-and output paths
) term by J. Blache (1892) with respect to the South of France introduced characteristics: a.) Seasonal migration between winter snow-free coastal, valley or lowland area and the height zone of one or more mountains, b.) walking over long distances, with a crossing not only of other districts, but also is often exceeded by provincial and national borders; c.) The livestock owned by a sedentary, predominantly agriculture ENGAGED population, the care of the herds is usually by hired shepherds d.) There is no organic connection between the deck groups and the villages and courtyards of the cattle owners, e.) no significant Stall-feeding, but year-round grazing, but commute with night penning in extremely bad weather
3) the ranchers between the distant summer and winter grazing seasons back and forth with the herds, also owners of the cattle, the family along with household effects accompanied at all times or periodically herd movements, no controlled agriculture, so that purchase or exchange arable products from neighboring agricultural people groups, usually no penning of animals, rarely strong, permanent settlements and recent development: ranchers move alone with herds and meet at pasture regularly with family
topic: The remote grazing: the summer pasture
Source: Lindemann, Dietmar: remote pasture in Romania. Particular Reference to the South Carpathians (Poiana Covasna and Sibiu). Braunschweig 1979, p. 43-51.
Officer: Xenia Jost
In Poiana operated remote pasture in the form of seasonal changes between summer and winter pastures. The number of remote grazing sheep in Poiana amounts to about 12 000 bis 14 000. In surrounding villages there are about 1 000 to an average of 8 000 sheep. The individual mountain settlements (except Poiana) have different sizes summer grazing areas in which they "Stine" transhumant and alpine species can be found. You could see that the number, location and name of "Stine" over a century have changed only slightly. The big "Stine" (at Gropata, Gungurez and Tomnatecul) have survived in their original form today. The number of transhumant and Alpine economic system are different. In Poiana clearly outweighs transhumance. The "Stine" are located predominantly in height from 1 600 m and 1 700 m, due to the favorable geographical conditions for planting the pasture.
is a rule in the mountains on a mountain just a "Tirla. Among her "Stine" with the often subsequent pigsty (Romanian Cotet porci) and Melkpferch (Romanian Strunga). Before the "Stine" There is a courtyard (Romanian bătătură). There, the sheep remain after milking. The
"Stine" is the center of economic activity a "Tirla. Only in the case of a displacement of grazing, changes its location. To protect against the elements (for example, against the prevailing mountain winds) it is built in a forest, near a spring or a stream. This will secure enough firewood and water supplies, for the daily preparation of cheese in large Quantities are needed. In
Cibinsgebirge a distinction in the high pastures, two types of "Stine"
a), the stationary "Stine"
These mostly used by businesses and pasture management is built in modular design. The block rests on a stone foundation and consists of round or square-hewn trunks as bearing walls. The spaces between these beams can be sealed with moss and earth, overhung with shingles. The roof is a purlin roof that is covered with shingles and a small opening for the smoke (Romanian fumariu) has. There is no ceiling, the floor is of beaten clay. Only the reservoir (Romanian Celar) can have a plank floor.
b) the moveable "Stine"
your design is the seasonal change of the pasture adjusted. They can break into the side walls and roof plates on a car loaded and thus transport. The assembly and disassembly only takes a few hours, since the posts, beams and boards are numbered.
But there are also "Stine", consisting of pole timber, plastic sheeting, tar paper and occasionally there are asbestos cement for construction. The floor is always tamped clay.
build In general, the shepherds from their Poiana "Stine" with two rooms: the kitchen and work space (Romanian fierbătoare) and the reservoir (Romanian Celar). In the workroom There is also the fireplace. The interiors are furnished notdüftig the household and furniture from raw wood. In the pantry products, food and vessels are kept.
However, there is also another type of movable "Stine" in the western regions of Marginimea Sibiului. They have not one, but multiple (2 or 3) store-rooms and a large work space. The larger space has the following reason: while the men keep in Poiana only sheep and do all the other odd jobs, we come here to women and children and even entire families. Here there is a strict division of labor (keep milk the men and the sheep, the women produce the cheese, the older family members take care of the village close to fields). Very close to the "Stine" is the Melkpferch where the sheep are driven into milk, where there is only one exit for the animals on which they are milked. The
Milchpferch serves the dams and lambs as Nachtpferch, the other sheep are housed in another Nachtpferch. A flock must nights behind the adjustable fences for so long to spend the soil is thoroughly fertilized. Then the pen is set to a size unit next to the fertilized surface.
In the case where the sheep and pig owners take you to the summer grazing, are next to the "Stine" pen for pigs (Romanian Cotet porci). During the day the animals roam around freely, at night they have in their stables. These are made of wooden beams covered with moss and earth well sealed, so that the pigs do not get any drafts and can not easily fall prey to bears.
remote pasture in the Balkans, the example of the Vlachs (from Kaser)
Speaker: Aurela Kenatso
remote pasture in the Balkans, the example of the Vlachs
Oldest pastoralists
Between the third and the first century were BC instead of three Indo-European immigration waves which, the long development of Neolithic agriculture in the Balkans interrupted.
announced at the end of the Bronze Age to the next major change. The Thracians (the so-called Sea Peoples) destroyed the Mycenaean culture. With the Greeks and Illyrians were the altbalkanische the substrate.
The Epirus had been Homeric period known as the land of the shepherds. During the Roman rule was the Balkans, a center of cheese production as well as Boeotia, Dalmatia and Dardania. It is believed that the pastoral economy, organization based on tribal organization and descent groups, in the mountainous regions of present-day Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Thessaly, Epirus and the west of Bulgaria organized similarly as in the central Balkan area was.
moved to the invasion of the Slavs on the Danube border, the then population in the mountains. Vlachs and Albanians ruled for several centuries but the mountainous regions. One can assume that the - in terms of its population - were able to use almost swallows its pride pastures.
These two groups of pastoral mountain people were increasingly being Slavic pastoral groups. During this symbiosis, the Slavs took over an established pattern of social and economic organization in the mountains. Because of their positioning the Vlachs were the Slavic Immigration more exposed than the Albanians.
forms of grazing
Among the forms of grazing, we distinguish between alpine economy, transhumance and nomadism.
alpine economy: When the sheep population was low, it was sufficient to keep him in the vicinity of the property and to oversee the elderly and children. For larger flocks were joined together and formed the owner of several hundred sheep that were pastured during the summer of herdsmen in the nearby mountains. After the output for the individual winter the flocks were dissolved. This nomadic pastoralism was in all mountain ranges, plains and transitional areas of South Eastern Europe disseminated.
transhumance: Less common than the sedentary form of the pastoral system in which the work was carried out essentially by the cattle-owning families themselves and not by hired herders, was in South Eastern Europe, the so-called transhumance. The distinguished by the fact that the cattle throughout the year was held outside of permanent settlement. In contrast to the alpine farming cattle were cared for by hired shepherds and guidance. The families stayed in their villages and the shepherds were with the cattle on a permanent migration between summer and winter pastures. Around the Mediterranean dominated the transhumance as a form of sheep and goats.
Nomandismus: Is probably the oldest form of pastoral three basic types. The fundamental characteristic of the Nomandismus is that the owners of the herds are in the closed family unit and the household on a permanent hike from pasture to pasture. Nomads build permanent settlements and little run little agriculture, they have no hay fields and can therefore carry no winter stall-feeding.
medium of the short path
Depending on whether to cover between summer and winter pastures short (to about one day) or long walks were, we distinguish an environment of short of that of the wide road.
tribal society and Alpine corresponding approximately to the environment of the short forms of transhumance and the Nomandismus belong in the milieu of the wide road. It can be stated in general that the Dinaric mountain chains rather a medium of the short form and south of it, the Macedonian, and the Pindus Mountains epiriotischen rather an environment of wide path.
milieu of the wide path
The Sarakatsanen and included a substantial part of the Vlachs of the last nomadic sheep and goat farmers in Europe. They were fully nomadic, meaning they were neither permanent nor summer-winter villages, but only built temporary huts or tents. The principle of the nomadic economy is simple: in the milieu of the wide road were winter and summer pastures some vertical day hikes away from each other. Only excellent pastures they built round huts branch. (To build time consuming ...)
Since the migration of nomads between summer and winter pasture at least took a few days, the sheep had to be tenacious and loves to run.
Part of the Vlachs lived a semi-nomadic life, a very small part in the 19th and 20 Century already completely sedentary. The villages of the Vlachs were settled on the heights, from which one could turn a relatively easy to reach the summer pastures, and where on the other hand, the possibility of overwintering was given. Agriculture has played in its economic process an important role. An important village completely sedentary Vlachs Turia was on the road to Joanina of Grevena. It's lower than the semi-nomadic villages and was designated in 1900 by travelers as prosperous. At that time the village had about 2,000 inhabitants and seven churches. Turia was inhabited throughout the year, agriculture and viticulture played a significant role.
Most Vlachs but led a nomadic or semi nomadic life. They lay on the heights, where agriculture is no longer possible. The semi-nomadic Vlachs were only the summer half of the villages, which is why their budgets had to be portable and flexible.
Note: Thede Kahl on Aromanians
