introductory text:
The study of the subject neighborhood is in the Romanian Social Anthropology / Sociology of a novelty. The Second issue was before the World War II by Henry Steel, Traian Herseni, Ion Muslea processed and studies made in selected villages. Thereafter, only German scientists have taken up this phenomenon.
rested in the Romanian scientific community about the neighborhood, although, as Vintila Mihailescu writes in his preface, the main form of social organization in Transylvania was. His Ursparung have the neighborhoods with the Saxons. Neighborhoods as an organizational form are communities. Due to the migration of Transylvanian shepherds a hint of this organization has been spread all over Romania.
Why is this form of organization so interesting and amazing? Usually you go in anthropology / sociology assumes that the common blood relationship makes people to a group. is at the neighborhoods but it is not a blood relation, but the local proximity to the other, ie the person / families / households who live in a street next to each other, belong to a neighborhood and form a community, a community of destiny, which in all situations helps. Here are, therefore, the kinship principle and the principle of territoriality over as the main forms of organization. Within the history of science, especially in the 19th C. At the time of evolutionism, one has seen an evolution line of kinship principle to the territorial principle, what seems to be more complex. Later it was found that both levels are difficult to separate, they overlap.
The organization is now for South neighborhoods so interesting, because at rest in the forms of organization in this area, the Community on the common (blood) relatives. These are called in Russia "me" (now obschina), in the South Slavs "zadruga" and the Romanians' obstea devalmasa. These forms of organization combines the common kinship and the common possession of a territory.
The neighborhoods but are based on the spatial proximity: all adult residents of a street were united and organized in a neighborhood. This began not only in adults but there have been youth clubs (fraternities and sororities), who were subject to a neighborhood father, who was democratically elected. In the youth club were every one aged 24 and over, or when they married. The women were from the vicinity of their husbands. The woman neighborhoods are rare, and probably more recent.
The territorial factor is also essential for the Romanian "vatasi" and "vecini" and for the Hungarian version of the neighborhoods.
Group by the emigration of most of Saxony, the new neighborhoods, and this time after the ethnic Criterion no longer territorial. Similarly, even with the few Roma neighborhoods. The Romanian and Hungarian neighborhoods to be restructured along the criteria of social status or level of long-established nature. The spatial proximity plays a role but still.
"neighborhoods of Romanians" or "Romanian neighborhoods?
the example of the village Dragus (Alexander)
- neighborhood, as an institution in Transylvanian Saxon villages
- take over the Transylvanian other ethnic groups
The Romanians: villages with communal ownership managed by the village community, common property managed by all, no leaders, village council, organized according to customary law, say: only adult men, or say everyone, including women, or tendency to the authority of village elders.
Dragus: sat devălmaş (toti hotăresc de-a Valma)
- relationship crucial criterion: Church / cemetery.
- Household inherited rights and obligations to their owners
reorganization of village structure in neighborhoods
peculiarity of the neighborhoods in Dragus compared to the neighborhoods of the Saxons or the Hungarians or the other Romanians.
first Relations of the neighborhoods to other institutions
obligations of the neighborhood fathers
Dragus: - organized 11 neighborhoods on roads (the same as in the 30s); Hofausrichtung the street
- Leader: neighborhood fathers (sometimes 2 or woman)
- no regulation on the choice (no fixed seats)
different criteria for selection / functions (varying from N. to N.):
- Compulsory connected with the deaths, 2-3l spirits who spends more?
- 10l liquor to avoid having to participate in digging
- is driving people to the funeral and other related activities, election in the spring, Sundays, 1-2l liquor
- meeting every other year; celebration; 20l wine, basket fritters (pancake), issued by N. father. Responsibility connected at work and events including funerals (N.-father does not participate in the work).
- ". You stay, you do it well,"
Primary function:
coordination of funerals: 4 for digging the grave, 6 to carry the coffin (4 of them also participate in the ditch), each one of the cross, the Church flag and apple with.
- take turns in order of the houses (no one st relieved of this duty)
exceptions: in a neighborhood: the war widows favor, with a disability A household member will be filed with the trench jmd paid makes it for them.
Many want the position as the nerve-mothers do not keep.
reasons: some neighborhood members refuse to follow the nerve-father's instructions. Today, only regulated and institutionalized role of fathers in N. Dragus: organizing and monitoring the fulfillment of the duty of the N.-members to participate in the funerals (for this they themselves need not perform the activities associated with a funeral
other functions.
- only for funerals
- in the service of the church for funerals
- responsible fulfill their duty to record those at the funerals.
- past and for maintenance of roads and ditches in charge, and today the role of village governance
- Responsible for the work division of the people for street cleaning, street boss
- Responsible for the sat. Neighborhood, funerals, church, mayor, street cleaning.
- Community work: grave street cleaning, whitewashing and cutting of trees, notice of work on the church.
- Announcement of work on the grave cleaning
second Relations of the neighborhoods to the church, particularly
the beginning of the 90s: Männerrat and women's committee of the church.
Männerrat: 11 members + pastors (Presidency)
- Optional: N. jmd suggests, the pastor approves the choice.
role of the church councils:
- church tax collection (for non-payment - Penalties: No church bells and wearing the old church banner at the funeral of the non-paying)
- establishing any kind of church taxes (for baptism, etc Church renovation)
- driving the people to the necessary construction work or repairs to the church.
Important: the non-fulfillment of obligations in relation to the Church "with shame to himself.
Women's Committee
- election indefinitely
role
- collection of money for prayers (congregational prayer (7-10 pastor, first Sun after Easter for the welfare of the village / people / good health of the crops 10-15 thousand / Budget); poor prayer / sick prayer ("for a patient either dies or recovers"); neighborhood prayer (rain / drought prayer)
- Inside the church,..
- 3rd purification of church and court
relations of the neighborhoods to City Hall
Announcements the mayor, both by the priest Schreier, and through a nerve, made fatherless.
The first exchange
Exchange of labor services
three-field system: the abolition of serfdom in Dragus: Community ownership
need for coordination of work between the agricultural neighbors. Work performed by the family (3 generations).
struggle for the Land: Economic Imbalance: non-functioning of the three-field system due to the economic differences
role of N. to preserve the community Ackers: Care and Protection coordinated by the N.vater.
From 1936 to 1945: N.väter in the City Council: set the shepherds, coordinate the planting of the field.
After 1945 resolution; Reduction of the role of N.
- after 1990: Ground return: - Sharing the 12 N. and two agricultural associations
- general dissatisfaction with the new situation
- "colţul vesel", "the jolly corner" (6 households): exchange of work baking bread, milking cows, grain milling;
- only a minority of households, similar
state - working in the fields rather plays a role in the relationship.
second Exchange of gifts
- mutual assistance in baptism, marriage and burial (the creation of a complex network of interested parties)
in Dragus: - 60's, 70's high rise at the present value Weddings and the funeral feast.
- at the funeral: eggs, bacon, flour, chicken and Related
- at weddings: the Christmas cake: milk, eggs, sugar, chicken, eggs, bacon
- Burial: 1kg Mehl/Zucker/Öl/7-10 eggs / bacon
- A type of bond
gift books (for baptism, marriage and burial)
Show that does not give all (entries varies from 50 to 100).
"debts" are transferable only to the individual households, each family formation implies a give entry to the reception and gift.
No specific regulation regarding gift exchange on the neighborhood level.
The border between neighbors and neighborhoods
disappearance from the common spiders of hemp and flax. No
neighborhood parties for holidays more
neighborhood only in the case of funeral and not with the gift exchange because of differences in social status and wealth of households.
Each household is in a different network of family - friends - neighbors involved is developed differently.
wealth - social status - determining for the position in the neighborhood (not an instance of mutual aid).
As before the introduction of the neighborhoods, remains the decisive criterion to relatives.
Transylvanian-Saxon neighborhoods (Karen)
Earliest documentary evidence is the existence of neighborhoods from the 16 Century will
What neighborhoods?
- organizational form of the urban but also rural life of the Transylvanian Saxons
- locally defined social unit that regulates the contacts of its members internally and externally and provides
-the legal concept of neighborhood is the sum of the homeowner
-members of the neighborhood took in Even many public administration tasks
-city neighborhoods extending in the Usually two to four lanes
tasks of the neighborhoods:
first neighborhood internal tasks:
-moral education, particularly young members of the neighborhood
cleaning and maintenance of the wells (daily monitoring, if necessary damage repair) task of the two wells Master
-sweep of watercourses and the filth-pit
cleaning the streets
disposal of animal corpses
entertainment of bridges, lanes and paths
fire protection measures (checking the fireplace)
-firefighting
organization of community life (attending public inns was considered offensive)
Storage and burial of the dead
second advanced tasks
-guard the city gates
-night watch in the streets
-defense tasks
-collection of taxes
-regulation of the wine bar
monitoring of residents (to prevent non-Saxons get into the neighborhoods)
How did one become a member in a neighborhood?
- by adopting a residence in the neighborhood, applied only to citizens (civil rights were in Saxon cities to only Saxony) had
, the new homeowner or rent in the neighborhood "eingrüßen" deposit thus a fixed amount of money in the neighborhood Checkout and host a big dinner for all members.
duties of neighborhood members
-personal services (from 18th century, performed by paid staff)
payments in the neighborhood Checkout
-compliance with the neighborhood system (from the N. to the 17th century. Even set up. Magistrate later in collaboration with N.-representation)
-payment of a fine for breaching the order
organs of the neighborhoods
General Assembly of all homeowners (decided organs)
-Altschaft (Committee of the most honorable men of the N.)
-old neighbor Hann (convening to meetings, Negotiating Chairman, organization of community work, external representative of the neighborhood, dispute settlement)
and younger neighbor Hann (leadership, elected for one year)
Fountain master
-am Nachbartag mandatory meeting of all members, clarifying business matters and disputes, collect fines, etc.
neighborhoods throughout time
-to 1785 prohibits the legal recording of Romanians and other non-Saxons in the neighborhood community;
get-from 1781 Romanians the free right of establishment order on Saxon king floor
-1786 to Viennese authorities that homeowners of all nationalities to involve the neighborhood meetings were led à in the wake of tension in neighborhoods
-1891 Hungarian Interior Ministry, the resolution of the neighborhoods on the ground has it come of its public service function as an autonomous part structure of the city no longer
revival of neighborhoods after First World War as a means Nationalist
-defense with the rise of National Socialism in Romania instrumentalization of the neighborhoods within the meaning of the nationalist spirit
GERMAN IN TRANSYLVANIA - NEIGHBORHOODS
first Regulation of social life in the community
- village: no choice → Member of the neighborhood
· after marriage or the age of 24.Lebensjahres every male member of a Saxon Protestant church
- location of the house which neighborhood →
· Women by their husbands to automatically
- existence outside not inconceivable + practicable
- work for public assistance to members +
· Various areas of life, power + return
- identification symbols of the neighborhood:
· Neighborhood charge (with Neighbourhood Association)
· neighboring characters (messages from house to house + invitation the annual meeting, etc.)
- joint ownership of farm machinery
- Romanians separated by Saxons in their own village areas
· Test Date 18th century Access to Saxon city to get local governments and neighborhood organizations to create their own +
°, similar to neighborhood organizations, adapted to their own tradition
- Organization of the young: Brother and sister properties
· total adult youth after confirmation
· brotherhoods since 16th century
· sororities of 19th century to early 20th century
· close ties to church pastor → "supervisory and appeal"
° Refusal → themselves excluded from social life of the village youth
- Ceremony:
· Boy in Church's clothing, committed to brotherhood article candidate with a handshake, contribution to Brotherhood charge
· Girl similar border wore on special occasions (holidays, parties, etc.) until the wedding
- self-management by elected representatives
· Supervision of the pastor and congregation appointed spokespersons assumed
· Peak: Altknecht and Altmagd (should impeccable behavior, have organizational skills, able to solve conflicts)
· Cable: the behavior of young people in the church and private control → with fines sanctioned
· Strong social control → acquisition compliant behaviors guarantee convey + traditional patterns of behavior and attitudes
· less individual freedom
- Nazi "People Management" thorn in
· 1942 by National Church Assembly: connect Resolution
· People's group instead, it seems again available
· 1948 by the Romanian government banned
second The "others" in the village
- immigrant Romanians usually not well off (called sedan - settlers / she himself as: Moştean - pawns, to acquire owner of plot + ground)
· Heavy own country (if it smaller + inferior quality)
· Seasonal workers, day laborers defeated in Saxony (servants and shepherds)
= impact on relationship Romanians - Sachsen
· about estimation of one's own group ( Saxony)
· social distance (Romanians)
- mixed marriages rarely, barely tolerated = "family shame"
- obstacle to marriage, various religious confessions
- After 1945: new living and working conditions → intensive contacts
· mixing marriages more acceptable + more
· However insisted many axes to traditional Behaviors in the family → saw marriage within the group before
- Side by side → training of tolerance, guaranteed for stability of the rural community
- Romanian language skills of Saxony:
° mild pre-1923 (introduced in schools) / since 18th century for rural people important (. especially merchants + craftsman with Rumanians trading partners)
°, since proliferation of the Romanians in the area of Saxony
· also two-, three languages
· Transylvanian-Saxon: many Romanian loanwords
- despite demarcation was known about other group decision as beliefs + Magical practices
· help in difficult situations → older Romanians asked
· with concern to the Orthodox clergy, prayers order → secret
- more than 500 events throughout the year (eg Fairs, etc.)
· whole handling of goods, 3 days
• the site of the encounter → exchange of opinions, information, suggestions
· Purchase Trunk after completion of business
= place for inter-ethnic and intercultural communication
- including Gypsies (members of the Roma people)
· 1340 the first time in Romania written record
· Gypsy regulations (Empress Maria Theresia + Joseph II):
- with rigid products as "new farmers" settled make →
fails · up mid 19th century "Zigani" emerged (establishment of the Gypsies)
· Seasonal workers in Saxony, was the "House Gypsy", sometimes solid work / for 2-3 generations → some Saxon learned
· wandering gypsy only to farm, house gipsy · also in room
wage: kind, even if used advance
· Northern Transylvania: Protestant Rome, the birth of a child Saxony could not ask for sponsorship → are rejected, Godfather Gifts
post by Claudia
The neighborhood
The villages in the area of Siebenbüger Saxons were from 15-16. Century in individual districts, divided called the "neighborhoods". In such neighborhoods, the residents living on about 70 houses under a single policy ("neighborhood system") which it to the 17 Century gave self. The neighborhoods saw themselves as separate entities with their own administration. In the 17th Century, the church increasingly impact on neighborhoods, with the aim of moral education and religious control.
citizens had the right in the Saxon towns only the Saxons. Romanians had until the end of the 18th C. access to the neighborhoods.
1891 explains the neighborhoods by a decision of the Hungarian Ministry of Interior dissolved. Nevertheless, they remained in the country persist.
The structure
At the head of the neighborhood were the older and the younger neighbor Hann. These were usually chosen for one year.
you managed the community property, including fire extinguishers, tools, wells were a dead bank to keep the deceased neighbors, shared dishes, games for joint celebrations, valuables and the Community Fund.
were also the neighboring Hannen for supervision of young people and the protection of morals responsible.
Other bodies were the meeting of all homeowners and the Committee of the most deserving men (Altschaft).
at least once a year there was the "Nachbartag," a mandatory meeting for all male members of neighborhood instead. There, as business things, violations of the standard and other disputes was discussed.
regulations and customs
Zog someone new to a neighborhood he had to "eingrüßen" in which he was a certain amount of money to fund the neighborhood and bought the whole neighborhood a meal.
A friendly relationship with each other and decent behavior was with the rules of coexistence. Violations were punished with fines for the Community Fund.
Subjects of community property were allowed to use members of the neighborhood for free (eg, the dishes for large family gatherings). Residents of adjacent neighborhoods were able to borrow these for a small fee.
to the customs of the neighborhood were also common celebrations and the funeral for a deceased neighbor or a family member. These events generally were women and children.
In cases of death, the whole neighborhood gathered in front of the "house of mourning" and participated in the funeral procession to the Cemetery part.
tasks
regular inspections, cleaning and repair of wells and supervision of compliance with the Regulation fountain was one of the most important services a neighborhood.
was given to clean the streets, sweeping the watercourses and the maintenance of bridges and roads and the supervision of fire safety.
sometimes used the city council, the organization of the neighborhoods "for their purposes," in which he has carried it with additional tasks such as guarding the city gates, the driving of the control and supervision of residents. It has been taken to ensure "that no member of a foreign nation where buying a house or marry "
post by Katrin
Literature:
Mihailescu, Vintila (Eds.): Vecini vecinitati in Transilvania si .- Bucharest: Paideia, 2003
Schenk, Annemie: German in Transylvania . Their history and culture .- Munich: CH Beck, 1992, 128-134, 155-166
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