("Nunta mortului)
(pomana)
death rites of passage Part 1
The funeral
first Importance
The funeral is the stage which completes the core phase of death. It symbolizes the end of the earthly bonds of the deceased, to his property and the family, etc. (although the survivors on certain days, as a ritual act, record repeatedly to contact the dead). The soul is with the funeral as "free from the earthly" and to be, thus "on the journey to the kingdom of God" go.
same time as the funeral begins life after death in the community of all the dead of the clan and the village. For this reason, the arrangement of the graves in the cemetery corresponds to the structure of families and neighborhoods in the village itself
This is known as the integration into the "transcendent", which is to be complete until after 7 years.
second The funeral ceremony
This is a socio-religious ceremony designed to uniformly associated with their folk traditions, with almost all Romanians. Exceptions are some regional variations and differences between cities and rural areas. Will be based on the following characteristics flown in Oltenian villages.
The funeral will almost always on the third day after the death, but not on Monday and not before the zenith of the sun.
These and other rules and customs at the funeral serve
second 1. At home
The entire village meets at Beerdigungstag 10.00 -12.00 clock in the house of the deceased. The guests bring food for the subsequent funeral feast, flowers (this is only since the 50's tradition) and a candle.
The candle is lit by each guest and yourself either in a holder the head of the coffin placed or held in the hand while bowing to the dead. This candle is meant only for that person and must not be used for any other purpose. Shortly after 12.00
clock is the priest says a few prayers before the open coffin and then leaves with all non-blood relatives of the house.
Then try 4-6 men to lift the coffin over the threshold and thereby be withdrawn by the members. They call 'Noi who de tine, nu tragi TU SA de noi "(" We pull up, you are supposed to catch but not ").
When the coffin is then above the threshold, playing an old woman (not on the relationship belongs to) a thread - the "measure of the Dead" - on the door jamb or under the eaves, where there are already threads of earlier deaths. When the coffin has exceeded the threshold, the clay pot, was poured out of the last of the "body spa" the water afterwards. He has to break it. After the bath water in the western corner of the court "buried", has the woman opens all windows and doors and cleans the house.
second 2. The funeral
After a few prayers in the courtyard, sits the funeral procession in the following order on the Move:
1) man with grave pile * (for unmarried first-come a pine tree, then the grave post) 2) Church servant church banner, 3), priest and choirmaster, 4) dead in an open coffin, 5), four women with food offerings and wine, 6) members, friends, neighbors and other mourners.
On the rare direct way to the cemetery is made at least 3 stops on all bridges, crossings and the Dead sacred wells. There is prayer and a coin (or a piece of candy to children), as a duty for the soul of the dead on the floor (or from the bridge into the water) thrown.
* The grave pile
term, it is a simple wooden cross that found immediately after the funeral to the grave and replaced after a maximum of one year by a more stable cross. On the cross is a white Cloth attached, which is an "umbrella for the soul of the deceased" symbolizes. This is important because it is believed that the soul is still 40 days near the family home stays, and possibly looking for a roof. Later
raises the stake not go away, but it can rot away in a clean place. Some people ask him for a time outside the house.
second 3. In the church
Weather permitting, the coffin is left outside the entrance to the church and the service will be held in the courtyard. In bad weather he is placed in the middle of the church.
After the service, you go in order already described the grave.
second 4. At the grave
After the usual prayers adopt the relatives of the deceased by bowing before him. Relatives kiss him for the last time ("Sarutarea Urma din"). It says sayings that come at a funeral in different places, such as "God had his soul," "God forgive him" or "God grant him eternal rest"
then cover the grave-digger to the coffin and let him by two 4 m long linen cloth down into the grave. Are measured flowers and coins and the ruler with the carpenter the dead and made the coffin was thrown behind.
The relatives then rip their "sign of mourning." Thus, the first stage of the mourning period is completed.
is then "sealed" the grave by the first gravedigger makes each of the four walls of the grave sign of the cross.
After the priest first and then all the others present ever have a handful of earth thrown on the coffin (with the words "the grave earth should it be easy"), will be dug the grave.
During this ceremony, the women complain loudly. On pass 2
grave rites performed
First, the purification (cleansing) - An old woman poured out of a new clay pot of pure water over the hands of all blood relatives of the dead.
After handing over the "Pomana" ** over the grave of time - the closest to the dead female relatives the same pot filled with wine and the first gravedigger übereicht him as saying, "Take this cup with wine! In this world it shall be yours on the other world he will belong to my father. " Then he gets a black hen and a Colac ***.
Further doses distributed in the following order:
1) per one Colac with a lighted candle in the other three grave diggers, as well as to all other persons who will assist with the burial 2) the two linen cloths à are divided among the gravediggers, 3) 1 each Colac + clay plate with funerary banquet (Coliva) to the priests and the cantor, 4) a clay plate with a napkin and sprinkled with salt Colac + wooden spoon and sheep wool from the Godfather, 5) a complete set bedding (pillows, mattress, night and throw) to a poor person (of the same age and sex of the dead but not blood related to him), 6) some personal belongings of the dead to other participants at the burial ceremony.
** Pomana
The Pomana is understood as a gift for and in memory of the soul of the dead, but it serves also as payment of the funeral participants. By handing over the grave of the dead will forever be tied to the grave. (It goes the other hand, before the Funeral about the dead away to the popular belief he is the "reincarnation". It is believed that receives the soul of the dead, the first Pomana during the first 40 days and that, so they can receive it, necessarily Colac necessary with a lighted candle.
When handing over the Pomana called the name of the object, the name of the deceased and possibly the family relationship between the dead and the person who gets Pomana. This person should not say thanks, but responds with one of these "grave sayings.
*** The Colac Colac
is a pastry with a symbolic form and a specific name. There are a large Colac named Cap de Tarana (grave earth-head) to each of the 9 major and 9 minor Colaci belong. The nine older ones are named Archangel, Just God, Lord Jesus, Mother Mary, sun, moon, stars, the tax collector and bridge. The grave of time at least the head and the 9 major Colaci be distributed, but are prepared for a total of 44th
third The funeral
The funeral - also called "Comand" or "de Pomana Tarana" - takes place directly after the funeral at the house of the deceased. This table is covered in a special way so that it differs from other solid panels. It is a single long table formed. On the tables are just a plate with Coliva **** (the funeral feast, each with a lit candle) and a bottle of wine. Eat before which an old woman all guests ritually washes his hands.
People eat one by one, if not all fit on the board. The first group includes more then the priests and the Dorfhonoratioren.
After the priest has spoken prayer, bring a few women personally to each guest a plate with food and cutlery, it will be doing the same sentences as spoken in the delivery of Pomana. There is usually soup, Sarmale, meat and Coliva. Each guest said at his first glass of wine, a toast to the deceased.
**** Coliva de Tarana (grave soil Coliva)
It is prepared from wheat grain.
The cooking process with the stirring is a ritual act is dar. The steam as the main victims of the soul of the dead, so to speak, as food. This is one of the oldest rites of the South East European cultural space, and is today only in Romania and partly handled in Greece Sun
After cooling, the wheat paste we mixed with sugar, nuts and flavorings and is provided at the end with a cross.
A candle burning on the intersection of the cross bar, while the priest blesses the Coliva.
Katrin Helbig
Seminar at 08:12:05
death rituals of transition Part 2
I. dead souls in the hereafter
- Myth of the major transition about the great journey
· Folk Performances:
1) - Death = natural phenomenon that is all life subject
→ person should be compared with death Wisdom + behave themselves ready for major tour stop
2) - everything is determined by God
3) - the world is inseparable from 2 intersecting units
→ + Beyond this life (+ lumea Lumea ASTA DE DINCOLO / CEALALTǍ)
4) - this is revealed for Romanian farmers in all areas of life
"this world is for them a materialized doubling of the transcendental world"
5) - death = black raven female, sent by God
6th) - soul lives on in the "other" valley of the world slowly turns
7) - Soul: certain properties + skills:
a) "body without flesh + bones" / "touch whitish"
- takes "approximately" contours of the body, a former
- can be detected by special people dead +
b) has observed perceptual abilities → what happened with former body + + + Say make family etc. as to certain rites are performed
- most important: hearing (to be inaugurated by living in mysteries of the journey)
c) need some food + drinks, meaning the "spirit" (mainly of wheat, wine + water)
d) if decision-making power → choose right path + initiatic samples solve
e) recognizes true nature of different nature + is to pass the above tests f
) memory, but only after public opinion the most important:
- site of the apartment building, home village of the tomb → + can return to ritually induced
times - to surviving family members
- Advice + applied message to other souls
g) large need for love, only loving thoughts of the survivors satisfied purely → + spiritual nature → impure thoughts (erotic etc. harm): could the undead are
8) - Travel to Paradise in stages
- the following stages of the soul journey that must be accompanied on the ritual level in this world of funeral Masses + Pomana:
a) to the funeral (3 days) near the former material life → also dwelling
b) up to 40 days after Death: near the grave
c) after 40-day devotional (after distribution of Pomana + free up the water source):
beginning of the trip + important initiation test: Choosing the right path
d) between 1 +3. taken anniversary of + leading right way: first
Series of samples consist of initiation (s. 9)
e) 3 + 5. Anniversary: 2 Series of samples consist
f) 5 + 7. Anniversary: 3 Series of samples consist
g) 7 Anniversary: soul completely to paradise + in community of the deceased integrated, forward through the "Great song" message entrusted
h) then no "individually identified Pomana" more necessary, only Pomana, which is given for All Souls
9th) - The following initiation samples (recording samples):
A.) 1 + Main + worst: to prove the selection to the right path leading to Paradise
example) then 3 sets of initiation of 3 samples (= 9) → must solve special skills: decipher
· Detection of hidden original truth (meaning of certain religious symbols)
• no afraid
· stamina
first Series or "The recognition of the highest saints":
a) flowering meadow = the Holy Mother
b) flowering tree, the Holy Lord
= c) = the angels singing roosters
second Series or "The recognition of tax collectors and the purpose of Gabengebung
integration into the Community of the dead ":
a) 3 = dependent youths a handkerchief
b) = 3 wives each a headscarf
c) 3 young women = each a bouquet
third Series or "The recognition of the spiritual guide":
a) The Otter = Help to pass through the waters
b) The Wolf = help crossing the high forests
c) The Emperor's son = "will take you to paradise"
C.) between 10 stages (+ pathfinding) to Oltenian popular opinion also 9 "inches transitions" (VǍMI DE TREC), at least 3 to be very narrow, deep valleys shown on horizontal bars
- are not afraid to pay customs with 1 of 9 large Colaci (not for burial missing)
- disagree on the number of transitions + name (see below)
- Entities soul, each for a sin to account is drawn, in order of Heavy
- eg your name: 1 Lie - 2nd Defamation - 3 Rebellion (Rebellion) - 4 Drunkenness - 5 Fornication - 6 Theft - 7 Perfidy (treachery) - 8 Murder - 9 Pleasure in torture
- various moral ideas:
· with each 1 + COLAC paid 1 coin (money in the coffin or of mourners at the cemetery road thrown)
· prayers + loving thoughts help soul with some of the sins
D.) in Paradise last initiation test:
· the identification of the deceased, · next family + family and villagers + people
message of the survivors forward
10) - Paradise on the Hill with dances "(in" Great song ")
- from a description rather huge pile similar Carpathians (from alpine meadows, fertile plains + grass, flowers) density of a wide belt high forests, rushing rivers + deep chasms protected
→ mythical, transcendental mountain
- perfectly happy to live in different "neighborhoods" the in this world existing ethnic + social units correspond to (family, clan, village community, people)
a) every soul already believed in life, reach paradise
→ Faith = to find a prerequisite to the right path + tests
are not
→ wicked Paradise found
b) The distinction of the blessed on ethnic / ritual level:
→ not understand all the peoples importance of Pomana + loving
thoughts = poor souls trying to steal from Romanian souls
- little to say about the wrong way turn
- only other areas of popular culture (eg fairy tales)
- are in two groups divided (beliefs):
II ancient pre-Christian religious ideas
- to phrases visible (eg not "IAD" = hell)
- hell: (1) "Black House" CASA NEAGRǍ
(2) "Empire of the darkness "ÎMPǍRǍŢIA ÎNTUNERICULUI
(3)" In the unfortunate "LA NEFERICIŢI
- on route encountered being no devil
(1) dragon BALAURI
(2) snakes Serpi
1) the following reasons for this strategy:
a) godless life (FǍRǍ DUMNEZEU), not + UNDERGROUND SPIRITUAL understood in the world
b) Misled by appearances + earthly beauty and values
c) lack of knowledge, but also God faith
d) of survivor ritual tasks not / do not traditionally met
→ take the blame towards confused souls
2) left path this:
a ) much beauty in the beginning, nice funny people, Gold + Silver → in the case attract
b) more everything disappears, soul understands error
- eternal darkness, no trees / flowers / grass
- no source of water for refreshment
- "Empty Tables" can not receive Pomana
- no transcendental essence → no help, but
- constantly scared of monsters
- Exam: to what extent it is able to do evil out
3) path on a mountain, where paradise is, but in the northern part with a large, black house
- no windows to the sun only small door with a dragon → against newcomer purely encountered
- eternal darkness, cold, hunger + thirst
4) 3 Penalties (heaviest + most excruciating):
a) Recognize the wrong path taken
b) "psychological" suffering: on the last stage sees paradise + happy life → realizes what she has lost
c) in the black house nonstop hard work as "harvesting of thorns" (Grow continuously on a huge field), "mental" because of bites, "physically" because of endless + fruitless work
5) but by God's help reach possible to Paradise:
a) acquire the knowledge (as opposed to awareness of error + incorrect setting the original truth of the world)
b) changing the ritual duties (pray for those souls, special funeral services at the grave in the Church + can read, distribute Pomana + light candles) → + gradually attain enlightenment slowly
I.II. Christian source:
1) must appear in court after death of God, sins of God / Mother God weighed ruling decides on trail: Paradise and Hell
2) serious sinners to hell sent
3) Satan, Lord of Hell, several "major" + "minor" Devil (by ranking)
4) the sentence: decides cooking Teerkessel, Satan over time
→ embedded in group II, elements of Group I:
poor soul as God will forgive + paradise if survivors are to use (prayer, loving thoughts all the traditional rites +)
II revenant:
- more cruel fate than sinner
- using only survivors of a certain ritual acts (forcible separation of "Our" world)
- due to ongoing attachment to matter either to paradise or to hell (the above + beyond this world) properly, that is to come to funeral time and again back to the earthly + survivors usually do harm to
1) Strigoi / STRIGOAICǍ ( Ghost, Vampire)
2) Moroi / MOROAICǍ
· in olten dialect: Moroi VIU (living Moroi) = man with "evil eye" → after death to reincarnation
· Moroi MORT (dead Moroi) = true reincarnation
· Moroi any type of revenants, no personal blame for their fate
· Strigoi: guilt are applying, in Live black magic practiced in Oltenia
reasons why body + soul maintains its "leave" no longer can:
1) birth with hood / "shirt"
2) "evil eye", not only to cover third-born
) on the house lying corpse jumps animal or someone gives another something
4) possession or greed → remains after death of soul hanging prevents disconnection from the body + gives demonic forces to re-Go
5) during the life of binding to the Devilish: do
a) practicing the black magic (contract with the devil)
b) evil, have fun not regret
+ c) even devil promise (eg, as a confirmation of a lie: The devil take me if that's the truth!) → could also lead to soul in hell is
6) two villagers in the same month / day born + 1 dies, the survivors are of dead "brother" / "sister" untied ritually → otherwise dead is to bring to the undead to another ("fate siblings" - ZIUATICI / LUNATICI)
7) also members of the dead can make the undead:
- not understand the true meaning of death
- crying too much to illicit times and / or send "illegal, underground" Thoughts (take me with you, can not go on living) or spouse longs for sexual love
II.I. Fate of the soul concerned the cruelest:
first) may take much longer journey
second part) → nowhere evil developed in it + is doing only evil deeds
3) Properties:
a Westernized), not body
b) can earthly body from sunset revive until sunrise
c) even if not, how cruel wandering, fetid breath on earth, or be embodied in other people / animals
d) do survivors evil to
e) of food necessary for survival of the body (blood human + animal, its "breath of life" or certain seeds (especially millet))
f) "feed" the 4th with satisfaction of their evil deeds
) still want their liberation + untie (by only survivor feasible)
II.ii. The effects of the undead on Survivors:
1) Rescheduling of the family → die for inexplicable reasons, "made up"
2) disease can be seen by third growing weakness of the whole body, loss of appetite ...
) can bring man to madness → every night into the house tormenting + diabolical
4) diseases in humans + animals
5) catastrophic harvests by Pests, severe drought
How can you tell whether the deceased was the undead?
- either at birth / in life or after death you can
1) unexplained noises in the night in the family home of a recently deceased
2) grave earth sinks shortly after burial has cracks
+ 3) in addition to cross all vertical hole, about + big (suitable for thin snake) → left by grave (only this) + return
4th) after burial, several diseases / death in family / villagers
5) cattle disease until 40 days after the funeral erupts
6) is evidence first: at midnight between Friday and Saturday rides a Saturday on a white horse born on cemetery grave + tries to jump → horse refuses to be frightened → revenant
II.III. Recommended ritual + of magic:
means by which one tries to prevent the conversion of a dead man to a reincarnation (which we know it):
most common:
1) corpse with knitting needle in the navel / heart engraved → because ecclesiastical punishment rare
clog 2) mouth, nose, ears with stones + sand, so he is not the stones + Survivors "gnawing"
3) for the same purpose certain grave goods in coffin (garlic cloves, Pasta Walker or other wood pieces)
4) down to funeral thorny branches → will not stand up to
5) behind the funeral procession to the cemetery's old woman, scattered millet seeds → if reincarnation wants home at night, eats seeds, from dawn surprise + the grave back
6) untie the "fate of brother / sister":
- the morning of the funeral day, the right hands connected both with horses tension chain
- after a few minutes unleashed by force + connected immediately right hand of living with other villagers (same sex + as the same age as deceased)
- talk 3 times oath: "Are you my Brother / sister to death? "(IMI ESTI FRATE / SORA PÂNǍ LA MOARTE?) -" Yes! I am your brother / sister to death! So help me God! "
(DA! TI-S FRATE / SORA PÂNǍ LA MOARTE ASA SǍ-MI AJUTE DUMNEZEU!) - Then, new" Destiny siblings associated with right hands to go after the funeral, after lowering the coffin into the grave, but before covered with earth, loosed
- considered Unleashed (r) In place of destiny brother / sister →
the whole village so; neither they nor the successor to the 7th Generation may not marry each other
means to we want to protect themselves against revenants: Show
1) crucifix or cross
form 2) + sign of the cross Jesus himself to help call
3) have this garlic → undead run away
4) house or stables achieved by Revenant the next day garlic chains on windows + doors hang
5) residents home at night leaving
a means of eradicating the revenant (by force is soul unleashed from the earth + free gift):
- see the final proof that there is reincarnation
- dig up dead, heart pierced with a needle, burned body / heart, everything is done carefully in coffin with holy water sprinkled + buried
→ Orthodox Romanian Church fought against in
→ excavation + destruction only very rarely
→ peasants against legal + ecclesiastical ban
→ peasants believed that today's world is so evil become evil + impious,
because Moroi + Strigoi may freely roam
post by Claudia
5.b. Prayers for the deceased individual soul
play a major role, the soul of prayer for the departed soul and its fate in the afterlife. The tradition-bound implementation of these rites is the main duty of the survivors over each of the deceased until the seventh anniversary of his death.
In Oltenia, all prayers for the dead celebrated usually described as the comprehensive word "Pomana" because on this occasion are also gifts for the soul of the dead will be distributed. Some prayers are also with the Church's word PARASTAS "\u0026lt;g" parastas "because they are celebrated not only in the grave, but also in the church by a certain Orthodox funeral service. We must point out however that all the dead devotions are performed with the assistance of the church, the gifts must be consecrated by a priest and dedicated by certain prayers to the deceased person concerned, that he might ever can receive.
The devotions are celebrated in the following intervals: first
Three days after the burial
second Nine days after death.
third 21 days after death (3 weeks)
4th 40 days after the death (6 weeks)
5th 3 months
6th 6 months
7th 9 months
8th 1 years
9th - 13 On each anniversary (second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth)
14th On 7 Anniversary.
which must be celebrated the following prayer as PARASTASE, that is, both in the church and the grave: 40 days, a year and all subsequent anniversaries.
These big commemorations are usually held on a Sunday, because of the need to keep the family brought gifts to the church during the liturgy in the church on a table in front of the left door of the chancel. The guests are usually invited, it does not mean that sometimes there are many other people from other villages who gather in the church.
begins immediately after the Sunday Mass, the memorial service. It is of course intended primarily of the deceased, but also all his dead kinsman, whose name by the priest three times during the show after it had been given by members list can be read. This list of each family of the deceased POMELNIC \u0026lt;asl. "Pomelnikǔ referred.
Over The funeral mass will be dedicated to the gifts (ie a large tray of COLIVA, a large COLAC and a bottle of wine) and dedicated to the dead soul. Immediately after the completion of the memorial service will distribute the next standing female relatives of the dead part of the COLIVA, all COLAC and wine, first to the priest, the cantor and the old woman who sells candles and cleans the church, and then in a loose order the faithful who will not come to dinner at the house of the deceased. The rest of the COLIVA is then taken home to be distributed to the guests.
Right after the priest goes to the cantor and the relatives to the cemetery. For that part of the celebration brought gifts be placed on the grave. Here are the obligatory gifts from a smaller COLIVA, from at least 9 Colaci and wine. In addition, however, other dishes are sacrificed: fruit, fried chicken, etc.
The priest says some prayers and consecrates the gifts after the usual ritual. Then again, standing next to the female relatives of the deceased will distribute them and indeed to poor villagers who gather always on such commemorations in the cemetery. It is important that all those consecrated to the grave gifts are distributed there on the spot, without something like this to bring back home.
Then go all the family house of the deceased, find them a similar sequence of courses is served as the funeral. Here, the food is not served up on serving plates, but each guest gets his own plate with Pomana, do not thank for it, but must express the ritual formula when receiving Pomana. Plate and Spoon are left to the participants in the soul devotion as well Pomana.
In two of the above PARASTAS - dates, namely at the 40-day and one-year devotion, is also given to the deceased owned clothing as Pomana. In general, give the Romanians all the clothes, which were among the dead, the poor. It is a ritual condition: the receiver must for gender and age of the deceased belong. In some of these big commemorations certain rites are performed:
a. for the 40-day devotional
- the freeing of the water source (slobozirea APEI);
- replacing the grave pile through the grave cross (sometimes performed well on one-year appointment, depending on whether the family has the necessary money for it).
b. at the first annual memorial
- the final period of mourning;
- the dance, "Pomana" for the soul of the deceased;
c. at the 7-year devotion
- excavation of the earthly remains and the second burial.
The freeing of the water source
is the starting point of this rite of the Romanian Popular belief that the dead souls need clean water, both to quench their thirst but to "refresh" and to rely, with the "refresh" the purification is meant by the soul during their long opening time in the mysteries of the afterlife special importance.
Nowadays one can still observe in all Romanian families (even in cities) that have lost one of its members, following rite: 40 days after the death remains a glass of drinking water to constantly be on the windowsill. Every day, these containers with fresh water is replenished. The intellectual background of this behavior is formed by the belief that the soul of the deceased, while this time, again and again to return to her family home, with this water can delete their thirst.
In the country you are doing this much more: We will make the rite "the freeing of the water source" ("Slobozirea APEI" or "slobozirea izvorului de apa").
The rite consists of two phases: first
The first runs from the day after the funeral and the 40th Day after the death and is performed by a 10-year-old girl who meet the two conditions must ritual: pure magic in the sense of being and not to belong to blood relatives of the deceased. This girl gets from the family of the deceased have a water bucket and a wooden floor, which will serve as an answer for. The little girl then gets a day of fresh drinking water from a well and there are the neighbors of the dead, water-Pomana (Pomana de APA ") for his soul. For every bucket they cut a notch in the answer for. be the number of buckets must be worn at least 40.
second The second phase of the rite is the morning of the 40th Day after death, occurred shortly after sunrise. A small procession goes to a stream. You must be at least of the girl who gave water Pomana for the soul and consist of the dead are closest female relative. The girl with the empty bucket, a new earthen pot and the answer for. On the banks of the river fills the girl the pot with river water. Then it is directed towards the east where the sun has just risen and says the following sentence:
! Sun, Holy sun Be my witness that I have worn 40 buckets of water for the soul of .... "
She immediately pour the water contained in the pot to the back, over her left shoulder.
This ritual act committed by the farmers, "a se jura pe soare" (swear by the sun), shall be three times repeated. called the woman and then take the girl out of the basket had brought an already prepared in advance the subject, the "trocuţă (Trögchen) is like a tiny boat looks like. It puts you a little Colac, a flower and a small burning candle. The prepared answer for Trögchen and be laid on the water that they can practice freely downstream. If the Trögchen somewhere down the river reaches the shore and found by a man, he has to the Colac eat and bring the rest of the candle to any of a church. If this man found the Colac eats, he must speak for the reception of Pomana prescribed formula even without knowing what was fully accountable for the death ritual.
The ritual dances
There are two ritual dances: a. the
as Pomana sacrificed dance (jocul de Pomana) has its roots in the belief that paradise as "the hill be regarded with dances "and that it is the duty of the survivors, to help the soul in achieving this objective will be danced only two particular dances it. BRAU and HORA, regarded as the oldest Romanian Folk Dances The origin of this dance with her. whole mystical-ritual sense goes back to the days when the Carpathian-Danube region was inhabited by the Dacians, the eschatological goal after the long journey of the dead soul reached the of the hill was dancing in the heavenly realm of Salmoxis.
The pomana dance usually takes place at a large religious annual festival - Easter, Pentecost Sunday, Christmas - or even held at a wedding, although the family of the deceased is still in mourning.
b. the Enttrauerungstanz (Jocul de desjelit ") or" the freeing of the Dance "
(slobozirea jocului") is performed for the survivors and has the sense, the mourning period to complete a ritual manner. The excavation of the remains
and the "second burial"
If the last great soul prayer for the dead, on 7 Anniversary celebrated after his death, the day before the bones of the dead are dug up, washed and placed in a white linen cloth sewn bag. The bag is placed in the church and remains there until the next day when the first part in the Office of the Dead the church is celebrated. Then you go to the cemetery to the grave, where the second part of the funeral mass takes place. The bones here are blessed by the priest with holy water and wine, again lowered into the grave and covered with soil.
In the cities it takes place on 7 Anniversary of the death is just another soul devotion and the associated Pomana. However, if later, another family member dies, you want to bury in the same grave, then the excavation is carried out.
the "second burial" of 7 Anniversary of the death closes permanently from the integration of a soul in the hereafter. All connections to the matter are resolved by the soul and is located in the Community all dead.
Mourning
The funeral is a religious phenomenon, a rite of passage that goes to the family of the deceased. The family lived together with the main transitions, the holy time of transition and comes into contact with the Holy. The family is permeated with the sacrum and, under the religious and social community with a separate status.
The Romanians explain the need for mourning by two main reasons:
- by the mental condition of the members, because of their sorrow at least for a certain period of time are unable to participate in village life;
- through the eschatological role of grief: a soul to no one mourns the suffering so terrible that it is no longer able to continue their long journey and asked her to solve the initiation sample.
As with all other nations, the structure of the state funeral and the Romanians of three inseparable elements: first
The mourning period is determined by the degree of relationship between the bereaved person and the deceased. On the death standing next blood relative (parents, children, siblings, grandchildren, grandparents) have to mourn at least one year. On the death of a spouse was worn earlier three-year mourning. Year forward almost exclusively met by older widowed people - today this 3. Upon the death of parents, first in-laws and sisters, nephews, nieces, nephews and cousins must be trusted degree at least 6 months. On the death of other relatives of the appointment shall be 40 days.
second The sign of mourning: for the Romanians is black is the color of mourning, even if the men a white shirt and white pants (if they belong to the local People's costume) wearing. The women wear a black headscarf, the men a black hat or a black lambskin cap. After the death of a family standing next to the men for 40 days and not cut their hair until after the funeral, they do not shave themselves.
The mourning band forms in the Romanian villages even more new sign of mourning, which is due to urban influence. In addition, the house of the deceased placed a black cloth on the front page, either 40 days or only until after the burial where it stays.
third The rules of conduct during the mourning period divided into 2 groups according to the persons for whom they are intended.
rules to be followed by self-in-sorrow-being ends:
You should never wear bright colors or jewelry, if you can obtain them from poverty, no black dresses, you may wear wear dark gray or dark brown, but the mourning band the black headscarf must be present. The only jewelry allowed is the wedding ring and a cross pendant. The girls and boys can not wear flowers in your hair or the hat. One should not celebrate festivals. Marriages are delayed until after the mourning period. If this is not possible, the marriage will only be postponed by 40 days and celebrated the wedding with less effort. Only the baptism may be celebrated during the mourning period, as they are completed shortly after a birth occurred during this period must. The grieving person must live to be withdrawn and avoid participating in gay village meetings.
The second group of rules determines the behavior of others towards the mourners: we must try to show them compassion towards them not to clear or to act funny and above all, they do not invite to parties or gatherings.
Ioana-Maria Ionescu: Romanian rites of passage. Demonstrated by the example of living tradition in Oltenia
Münster, 1986, p. 519-543
Erzsébet shock
The Mosi-day
- Mosi in this context means "all the deceased ancestors of a clan"
- is the word Dacian descent
- Mosi holidays are days of the year in which the deceased's family or the clan will be honored with certain rites
- are probably pagan origin, were probably originally on the solstice days, or to the days The day-equinox celebrated and linked later to the Christian holidays
- some Mosi-days are national, ie they are in total Romania committed
- others only in certain areas
Nationwide Mosi-day
moşii de iarnă: ( be celebrated on the last Saturday before Easter Lent)
moşii de rusalii (Whit-MOSI) (Saturday before Pentecost Sunday)
moşii de vara or MOSI de San Petru (on Saturday before 29 June)
moşii de Santa -Maria (the Saturday before the Assumption, August 15) came only after the Christianization, or go to BC-Terra Mater cult back
moşii de toamnă or moşii de San Medru (on Saturday before 26 October)
traditional end of the Mosi-day
-morning of the day go the women, the elderly and preschool children to the cemetery to bring the dead to Pomana (the funeral feast)
housewife can decide which foods they selected as Pomana, as the Mosi-days are up on moşii de Santa Maria, all outside of Lent. It must, however, observe the following rules: the COLIVA Colaci and may only earthen plates and the drink (wine, brandy or water) may be served only in an earthen cup, to have a wooden spoon and a burning candle are given.
-according to the season, there are the various MoSi days depending on the region's specific preferences (Autumn Mosi - poultry, vegetables and fruit; summer Mosi - berries
-afterwards the priest at the cemetery, pray for All the dead and bless the dead gifts
be after the blessing distributes Pomana: preferably to the poor, who need not be villagers, but also among the villagers, this is the following offering formula used. "Take these Pomana for the souls of my Mosi" what answer is "God give them eternal peace. "
be
-particularly committed moşii de rusalii (Whit-MOSI) (Romanian name derived for Pentecost by the name of the Roman spring festival Rosalia, where the dead flowers were sacrificed) Only at the Whit-Mosi-days be sacrificed to the dead flowers, which are connected to the handle of the earthen cups, and later tied the recipient will be left with.
Regional Mosi-day
Christian feasts in honor of all the souls that are understood in some regions because of this feature as Mosi-day.
-Ascension-Mosi, Mosi Palm Sunday, Holy Thursday
Mosi-author considers this but does not begin for Mosi-days in the original sense (pre-Christian origin)
count with the following category
rituals and offerings for the dead souls to various Christian holidays
The holiday season
-Christian era, derived from the time of the winter solstice on 15. November (beginning of Lent before Christmas) and ends on 7 January.
commit, in contrast to most other Orthodox peoples, the Romanians for Christmas on 25 December.
fall into the Christmas period following holidays: November 21 - Mother of God enter the church, December 6 - Saint Nicholas
Dec 25 - Nativity December 26 - Second Weihnachtsfeierta
Dec 27 - Third Day of Christmas
first January - St. Blasius the Great
6th January - The Baptism of Christ
7th January - St. John the Baptist
-without that this is provided by the Church to be distributed on these days in the Romanian villages Pomana for the dead (not charity), but they are not blessed by the priest.
-most important airport of the Christmas ritual action takes place on 20 Of December (Ignatul), day of St. Ignatius at the day prior to the solstice instead
-at dawn the Christmas pigs slaughtered / sacrificed, this must be done in every family of a man who belongs to blood relatives. The animal may not be mourned because it is a happy victim, crossing himself before the battles end the battle and says "You must not be sad, but rejoice. God has so adopted: the Christmas must be tired "
during slaughter and after that, the following rules be observed: the victim to the scorching of the animal must be" a living "fire, it may never run out, should the blood go not a drop lost. but it must be collected from us then with all the unusable remains of the animal a "pure" place in the vegetable garden are buried deep.
- after the battle takes place Pomana: a nice piece of meat, flour or bread, sugar or honey, a bottle of wine and a candle be brought to the poor families who do not have their own pigs for slaughter.
The Easter
-Easter season begins seven weeks (seven weeks of Lent) to Easter Sunday and ends on Pentecost Monday
in these fourteen weeks if different religious holidays (see list in the book)
In the Easter time also covered well by the rumänsisch Orthodox Church Celebrations planned to honor the deceased:
-moşii de iarnă (8th Saturday before Easter Sunday)
-all following seven Saturdays before Easter Saturday are considered dead Saturdays (blessing and distribution of Pomana at a church death devotional)
-Ascension as Heroes' Day, commemorating all the dead that have ever fallen on Romanian soil in the war ; process: all the villagers go to church, the families bring baskets of food offerings (including colored eggs, and lamb) to close after the service all together in a procession to the monument of the fallen, there are flowers laid down and there is a funeral service. While the official death the priest blesses the Pomana, which finally collapses and distributed especially to poor men (veterans). The subsequent joint dinner in the cemetery can be merry and boisterous, as the deceased have their hero a happy life in paradise.
mosi-de-rusalii
part of greater importance for the population are non-religious holidays (See S.555)
10th February-Day Saints Haralambie and Valentina
-Haralambie: Orthodox Märthyer was killed because of his faith by the Turks, was famous for his wisdom and his medical skills; (could the language of animals, could cure diseases and even the plague
- in some villages in the Danube plain, is He attributed his give and take life. This is reflected in the following practices: a boy on or about the 10th Born in February and is sick or weak, he is baptized in the name Haralambie, and must honor this later as patron of his house. He will have a long and healthy life, but also to a 10th February die.
concerns, the whole thing a girl, then the baptized in the name of the Holy Valentina, but was rescued by the people of faith still Haralambie.
-in diseases of humans, who are already baptized, on 10 February is a special convalescent Pomana performed in the prayed to the Holy Haralambie
post by Karen
Literature:
Ionescu, Ioana-Maria: Romanian rites of passage .- Bucharest / Münster: Dissertation, 1986,
390-394, 447-468, 492-595
Kreuter, Peter Mario: The vampire belief in Southeastern Europe .- Berlin: Weidler Buch Verlag, 2001, 28-44, 68-72, 143-188
Evseev, Ivan: Dictionar de magie, si demonologie Mitologies romineasca .- Timisoara: Editura Amarcord, 1998 (-> Some items shown here can be looked up)
Mesnil Marianne: Etnologul, si intr Sarpe Balaur .- Bucharest: Paideia, 1997 (94-109, 123-200)
Karl Inger, Felix Turczynski: Romanian tales and legends from Romania .- Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1982, Ghinoiu
43-84, John: The World of here, the underworld .- Bucharest: Romina Cultural Foundation Publishing House, 1999 (245-256, 266-289)
Ghinoiu, John: Christmas customs and Rumanian .- Bucharest: Editura Elion, 2002 (370-380)
Sperl, Ingo: Country without hurt .- Bucharest: Excellens Universe 2000 (51-78)
Pamphylia, Tudor Romanian political mythology .- Bucharest: Publishing House of mouth and soul - National Culture, 2000 (93 undead -152, 153-154 dead souls, ghost 183-189) Holidays and customs
Vol.II Banat Crisana, Maramures .- Bucharest: Encyclopedic Publishing House, 2002 (136-192, 283-285)
Ciausanu, Gh F. : .- Bucharest Rumanian people's superstitions: Mythos Collection, 2001 (death si inmormintarea 98-120, 38-155 Sufletele, localizarea sufletului 161-163,
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