miners:
Introduction:
When you think of the Romanian miners, one thinks first of the miners' riots, and Miron Cozma, their leader. But Vintila Mihailescu writes in his introduction, explaining the miners riots nothing, at least not the community of miners. Referring to them as "brute congenital" / as "figments of monster" or "easily manipulated mass" does nothing more really.
The miners are further connected with the waves of layoffs, Unemployment compensation (compensatii). The fact that they were against it, some take the opportunity to label them as "spoiled child of communism."
wants these, V. Mihailescu away. He believes that social and symbolic nature of the miner with its specific features (which are similar throughout the world), but they were too large in communism, will be considered when looking at the issue must. Under communism was the class of miners as the vanguard of the proletariat, the many privileges enjoyed.
General Characteristics: The mining communities are everywhere in the world men's communities in which the men enjoy a high prestige, which is linked to work underground.
specifics: In the Jiu Valley were the wives of the miners through contracts bound them not to work, that they should stay home and take care of the household and the family.
How can we explain this? Romania is not the equality of women and men at work was everywhere enforced as strongly as in other socialist countries. In the 50s it was a period when the Stahanovistenphase in which women were increasingly sent to the production and the equal rights of men and women was propagated. But the image of women and men in the mining areas was changing over time and The old image is again. In the late socialism stated again that men earn the bread and the women are there as a passive, marginal fertility and household objects for the sexual desires of men. Has
The symbolic emphasis on the importance of the man in the social system and the causes of the Romanian family Patriarchismus the opposite, namely frustration with men. This frustration came through the subordination of the work and the inability of men to feed through their work in a time of scarcity of resources, her family, to pass.
The men were not only the vanguard of the proletariat but also of masculinity. The political changes, the miners have experienced frustration in both areas.
goal of research in the Jiu Valley:
The research team wanted the unit, differences and characteristics of the world show of the miners.
As in other industrial areas in Romania to play a special role in the Moldovans. They are the stigmatized group "Barabe," running up the (venetici). Opposed to them is the category of "momirlanilor," the locals. Both were miners but not in the same way. The second group is considered the "real" miners, the successors of the first pioneers and settlers, the owner of the "real" Mine culture. The mining community was divided along nuances that each single lock or exclusive.
It describes three categories of miners: 1 the group of those who they belong to the miners with their specific cultural norms and their multi-ethnic character genealogical reasons; 2 the heterogeneous group of migrants who have arrived in recent decades in the Jiu Valley (among them the Moldovans); 3 a group of locals, the mine work has always operated alongside agriculture.
These three groups belong to different extents to the mine culture, have different relationships to the mine, are in varying degrees to miners Community and therefore have a different status.
"miners' riots in Romania
(The term" insurgency "is to question, comment: Alexandru Tymoshenko (No. 495 - lagarul de la Baneasa, 15-16 iunie 1990) 05/07/2010)
- even mine triad called (as a parody of such Olympiad, ie large numbers of people with really honorable goals)
- miners of the Jiu (Jiu Valley) to Bucharest sent to order and democracy to restore, (known as Hooliganiade) after months of demonstrations in University Square "disturbed"
- Mine triad stages of 1990, political entanglements, eg President + secret
- 1990 +1991 Mine triad as examples of mass manipulation by KGB-style
- am most violent 13.-15. June 1990
Mine triad in January 1990 (28./29.01.)
- Frontul Salvării Nationale, FSN → decision to the party establishment
- anti-Communist rally in Bucharest's Victory Square (Piata Victoriei) organized by Partidul Popular Crestin-Democrat, PNL + smaller parties and Partidul National Taranesc (PNT), mainly against Ion Iliescu, "Ieri Ceauşescu, Iliescu astǎzi" (correction: Alexandru Tymoshenko (No. 495 - lagarul de la Baneasa, 15-16 iunie 1990) 05/07/2010)
- even FSN organized rally brought factory workers armed with clubs + crowbar, chanting "Moarte intelectualilor" → slogan of the first three mine triad
- anti-Communist rally entered peacefully, then attack on Parliament House + call for resignation
- FSN held talks with Opposion, Ion Iliescu: to come calling on people to Bucharest + Democracy protect
- 5000 miners from the Jiu Valley (Jiu Valley) arrived, armed as FSN's supporters, the destruction of PNTCD + PNL headquarters, Petre Roman took Corneliu Coposu out of office, Iliescu + Roman calmed mass + sending miners home
Mine Riyadh in February 1990 (28.01.)
- anti-Communist rally in Bucharest
- some people threw stones at government buildings → police + army order restores, 4,000 miners came to Bucharest, threat, come back, if someone is against government
- Opposition leader + independent media speculated: Manipulation of Securitate + FSN
triad mine in June 1990 (13.-15.06.)
- dissatisfaction with Iliescu's first administration → reforms slowly or not
- + protest hunger strike since 20th May (FSN Iliescu won elections) → opposition no chance to right campaign lead to
- 7 dead + more than 1000 injured, but NGOs: at least 100 dead
- 22-24.04. the beginning of the protest rally at Piata Universitatii → Hooligans ("Golani" Golani ") of Iliescu called (symbol of anti-communism in Romania," Hooliganiade)
comment : The longest peaceful anti-communist demonstration: 24.04. - 13.06. (Alexandru Tymoshenko (No. 495 - lagarul de la Baneasa, 15-16 iunie 1990) 07/05/2010)
- Loans:
· official recognition of the 8th Point of the Proclamation of Timisoara (5 years: Communists no official office is President Ion Iliescu → itself)
· independence TVR
· Investigation of the truth of the Revolution (1989)
- 11.06: Negotiations failed (government + demonstrators), some 100 rioted (Piata Victoriei + Palatul Victoriei - Government Center)
- police, military police + army. pushed back demonstrators the Calea Victoriei, in the wider environment (correction: Alexandru Tymoshenko (No. 495 - lagarul de la Baneasa, 15-16 iunie 1990) 07/05/2010)
- 12.06: Meeting in the Palatul Victoriei: decision to "liquidate" the demo.
- 13.06. police attacked hunger strike, police press officer "knew nothing"
o shots, arrests etc. also students in Faculty of Architecture
o Molotov cocktails were flying, rock, stone bottles from the rooftops → Police had gone
According to the eyewitnesses A. Timoshenko this is a typical provocation on the part of the Securitate (Alexandru Tymoshenko (No. 495 - lagarul de la Baneasa, 15 -16 iunie 1990) 07/05/2010)
o Marian Munteanu (head of the Bucharest University Students League): Students go on strike + entrench themselves in geology faculty and students are free in order to protect the miners. A. According to Tymoshenko, she had no other choice than to entrench up there. (Alexandru Tymoshenko (No. 495 - lagarul de la Baneasa, 15-16 iunie 1990) 07/05/2010)
o headquarters of the Bucharest Police, Interior and SRI (Serviciul Român de Informatii) attack, destruction, and TVR
o rumors of trains full of miners to Bucharest
- 14.06: 10000-12000 distributed miners from the Jiu Valley to Piata Victoriei army
bread
o Iliescu. with representatives of the miners appeared + called protesters at the University course: alcoholics, drug abusers, fascists + bandits
o thanked miners to clear space, beaten up opposition to blame for violence, many people also attacked newspapers + employees (România Liberǎ example) or destroyed, Students, University Faculty of Architecture +
o 5 killed, 462 Injuries - Marian Munteanu seriously injured but still alive (he now has a security company at the North Station). O
of miners 'arrested' people first beaten with fists + baseball bats, then handed over to officials and were placed into two camps: after Magurele - there it was the worst! - And Baneasa (authorization A. Timoshenko)
o tanks drove up to the Interior Ministry, more arrests (not 185 as stated in Wikipedia, but far more) of the eyewitness A. Timoshenko had the No. 495 in the Baneasa-bearing; there you have the arrested out after the camp in Magurele already was full. Comment: Alexandru Tymoshenko (No. 495 - lagarul de la Baneasa, 15-16 iunie 1990) 07/05/2010
- shocked international public + Romania lost sympathy, particularly due to Thanksgiving Iliescu miners
- Demos up on Uniplatz 24./25.08.1990 "Iliescu fii Boii, du-te şi te for miner
- in architecture faculty Graffiti: "Piata Tien An Men II"
Mine triad in September 1991 (24.09.)
- Government of Petre Roman was not their demands to meet, ostensibly, but disagreements between President Iliescu and reformist Prime Minister Roman
- miners occupied Petroşani City Hall, from the balcony Miron Cozma: Let's go to Bucharest → thousands with hijacked! Train, to the government headquarters in the Victoria Palace, Roman does not negotiate with them, attacked bodyguard on → Government resignation
- including the Chamber of Deputies (withdraw Iliescu is), after discussion with Cozma leave miners Bucharest
- 3 dead, 455 injured
Mine triad in January 1999 :
- were miners returned to Bucharest, as dissatisfied → with reducing subsidies mines close
- overcame barricades, Radu Vasile (prime minister) acted with Cozma an agreement from near the Cozia monastery
Mine Riyadh in February 1999:
- 14.02 .: Cozma at 1991 Mine + triad found guilty sentenced to 18 years in prison
- again Miners, led by Cozma, on way to Bucharest
- stopped by police in Stoeneşti District Olt → 100 officers + 70 miners injured, a miner died
- Cozma arrested + in Rahova in jail
- Iliescu pardoned Cozma 15:12:04 am, however, took the decision two days later (because of outraged international media + + Romanian politician)
- 14:06:05 acquitted by the Court of the District Craiova
- for many of irony, 15 years after the atrocities released
source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineriad : last Update 11.27.2005 at 14:41
Posted by Claudia
Miron Cozma
Miron Cozma
is one of the most famous miners' leader, not only in the history of Romania.
1990 he led an unofficial band of workers who have helped the new authorities in cleaning up the state apparatus by supporters of the Ceausescu regime. It also eliminated the opposition against the new government. It reflected Cozmas followers, people (especially leaders from the student body) together brutal.
Later he joined the fascist and anti-Semitic party Romania Mare (Greater Romania Party ") to. Their objectives are "working for and against the Jews, for a Greater Romania and against international finance capital, for" working people's community "against the" enemies of the people ". At that party, including officers of the former Securitate. The knowledge of these people about the conditions in the Interior Ministry was later the miners in their uprising useful. Certainly so their success can be explained. Miron Cozma
also has links to the Mafia and has control various shops and nightclubs and millions assets.
Cozma used the discontent of the workers come out to himself to power and is therefore referred to as a demagogue.
He fought for the miners and first reached a wage increase of 35%. This was and is he a hero in these circles.
close after the announcement of two more mines in the Jiu Valley, was chosen on 12 December 1998 Miron Cozma, who had just served a 18-month sentence for breach of the peace, re-elected chairman of the mining shaft.
the "Jiu-rebel" Miron Cozma led 1991 and 1999, the miners' riots ("Mine triad") for. The third 'march on Bucharest, "he creates his" buddy "to topple the government.
Thereupon, he is the beginning of 1999, initially in the absence zu18 years in prison convicted, but 2 days later taken really.
The charge is treason. It was overthrown, the court relied on the uprising of 1991 in which the then Prime Minister Petre Roman. However, the facts speak, as the insurgency by any police or military was not prevented, rather that the fall was intended by the Government.
by 17.12.2004 Miron Cozma was pardoned by President Iliescu by a presidential decree. In 2001, he already gave a pardon, which was dismissed and again in 2003, this time successfully. This would enable the numerous protests of the miners' movement and socialist organizations who, even from abroad, the blame. The rebellion against the state continued even after the arrest of Cozma.
The Shiltal - Romania Ruhrpott
The Shiltal (Jiu Valley) is an industrial area in southwestern Romania. The northern part is surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains and part of the territory "Hunedoara", ie, in Transylvania.
By the end of the 18th Century, used this area as forest and pasture land on coal was only one interested in the development of industry in the Habsburg monarchy. Initial test drilling and abrasions caused by the Hoffmann brothers from 1845th After the rail link from Simeria had been completed under the guidance was "Kronstadt Mining and metallurgical corporation "and the Hungarian" Montanärar "the coal (and sometimes brown coal) production were correct aufgenommen.1868 the first coal mines and workers' settlements in the upper Jiu Valley.
During this time also German miners immigrated from Bukovina. Together with the Hungarian minority, they took almost all the leading position in the mining and the administration.
The industrial area with the center of Petro's (Petrosani) grew quickly and after the First World War's most important coal mining region of Romania
In the 70's and 80 years, Ceausescu expanded its coal production to Romania, the biggest per capita steel producer World do. Ceausescu treated the region as a showpiece. Due to the good earnings, it attracted many workers, especially from Moldova in the area. However, the regime also unpleasant people were sent there for work.
exist today in the Jiu Valley massive social problems. 34% of the employable unemployed and one third of the 160,000 inhabitants live below the poverty line. It employs only a few pits. The EU funded
Marr 1998, the program for the promotion of small and mitttelständischen companies as well as programs to protect the environment, reconstruction of sewerage and water supply network and to support children in need.
literature:
(www.siebenbuerger.de/.../ubbcount.cgi?expath1=Forum1 expath2 & = & topic = 000 262 & type = & number = 1)
(www.nadir.org/nadir/periodika/ jungle_world/_99/05/13a.htm )
(www.nadir.org/nadir/periodika/ jungle_world/_99/09/14c.htm)
(www.webarchiv-server.de/pin/archiv01/51_52_01ob13.htm)
(www.taz.de / pt / 2002/11/12/a0104.nf/text.ges, 1)
(www.marxist.com / appeals / cozma.html)
post by Katrin
Additional information about the "minierade" by Karen:
Mineradă
term for a number of miners riots in Romania, where the miners could exploit to fight in the belief for democracy and against the outbreak of anarchy, the government in the fight against the opposition.
the three separate rebellions in 1990 was preceded by demonstrations by government opponents, particularly the implementation of the 8th wanted to enforce the proclamation request from Timisoara. This states that no public functions communists for 5 years (Comment: A. vezi mai sus Tymoshenko) should hold. (President Iliescu, however, was himself an ex-Communist).
On 28 January 1990 had the PNTCD (Peasant Party) and the PNL (Liberal) in the Piata Victoriei a anti-communist demonstration organized. To quell the demonstration, the government mobilized a factory worker. As it was in the anti-communist protesters in order, intellectuals, polarizing the population can be very easy. So the factory workers who, for example, placards reading "Death to the intellectuals." To strengthen the defense forces Iliescu calls on the people of Romania to come to the defense of democracy to Bucharest.
On 29 January 1990 to meet a 5000 miners in Bucharest and attacked and destroyed the party headquarters of the PNTCD and PNL. Iliescu and Roman later send the miners back to their homes.
On 28 February 1990 is again an anti-communist demonstration, which was indeed recognized by the organizers as a non-violent demonstration where it is yet to riots. 4000 miners arrive in Bucharest to fight the protesters, but are sent back because their "services" are no longer needed.
From 13-15. June 1990, it is the worst up to that unrest. In advance of the June Mineriadă occurs due to the dissatisfaction many Romanians with the slow progress of reforms in renewed protests, which remains the implementation of the 8th Claim from the Proclamation of Timisoara is required and the independence of Romanian TV. The 22nd since April ongoing demonstrations in May exacerbated by a hunger strike carried out by students. The images recorded by the Government negotiating with the protesters on 11 June declared failed. Then there is unrest and a march to the seat of government. On 12 June is officially adopted by the full resolution of the demonstration. On 13
June go police forces, with intensive use of force against all who gathered every day on the University Square (vezi mai sus comment A. Timoshenko) before. On 14
June hit a 12 000 miners from the Jiu Valley to Bucharest and are welcomed by officials. Iliescu called on the miners to assist the Government in the fight against the demonstrators, which are his description relates only to drug addicts, alcoholics and fascists trade. Encouraged by this call, the miners pull with clubs, chains and crowbars armed through the streets and beat down those who they consider the opposition. In search of the opposition leaders attacked the party headquarters of the Peasant Party and the Liberal Party (comment / addition of vezi mai sus A. Tymoshenko) and leave only devastation there back. Also victims of these riots are the seats of Romanian newspapers and magazines such as Romania Libera, Dreptatea, expression, 22 and Baricada. All of the anti-communist demonstration - a lot of people on the street (Bart-bearing, mini skirts, carrying many more) (vezi mai sus complement A. Timoshenko) - interested parties during the 14th and 15 June arrested.
The events of this third Mineriadă Iliescu lost the government a tremendous prestige in the world public. Especially in that Iliescu in retrospect at the miners for their "help" thanks.
"I know of Moldovans who have made it"
Maria Grecu: field work in the Jiu (Jiu Valley), based mainly on Lupeni and Petrila: Summer 1999
Questions: Why are marginalized and stigmatized the Moldovans?
- the stigma, the stereotype of Moldova: social construct
possible reasons: massive immigration of Moldovans had as a result of a change in the Jiu Valley in the existing social structure.
intentions of their work: determining the effect of Moldauerstigmas the Moldovans: it keeps them together / it separates them?
What is the effect of the miners to the status of the relationship with M.
their original homeland?
40 audio recordings
second Origin of the "Moldauerfrage"
migration
- No precise information in the statistics on the number of immigrants
1950: 56,000
1960: twice as much
1970: 150,000
1990: 170,000
- miners: "favorites" Ceausescu, mining is very much encouraged
- 50 20 000
- 70 25 000
- after the strike - Arbitration / massive settings as a political strategy?
- 1990 49.000
after the strike:
"acţiunea 3000/5000/7000"
- particularly from Moldova by advertisers
- special benefits and discounts: military service in the workplace (Jiu Valley), no later military service in return for Signing of a 5-year labor contract.
episode: - intensive settlement of Moldovans in the Jiu Valley
2000: 17.1% Mold, 49.9% of residents, 12.8% Siebenbg; Olt 11%, 9.7%, preferably from the rest
... NO (VS; BT, IS, BC).
- different motivation of the immigrants (not all have to stay ahead of the long term)
- Jiu Valley as a transit zone
80: 200 settings, and as many layoffs
counter-strategy: making test, the immigrants settled
result: destruction of the existing social structure
political purpose: destroy the cohesion of the miners and control
third "Perucile" - a stigmatized group
"Miss, when they hear it, that they are from Bucharest. If they would only listen to me before and know nothing about me would be, what would they think of where I come from? I can easily say that about myself that I'm from Transylvania. I quickly lost my Moldovan Akkzent.
- metonymic Orientalism
- "the common people, the pariah of the Jiu Valley"
- "dirty, primitive," "a bunch of children brought to the world," "poor, with papers in his pocket and what they were wearing arrived eat ";" much in the cafeteria because there is nothing in their homes. "
central theme in the stigmatizing discourse: poverty (including gypsies and "disponibilizaţi (Cancelled)).
more "marker" associated with the M: positive characteristics but which will be a negative connotation to them: hard-working, industrious, conscientious, patient, tough, "the work to eat" but: stupid, stubborn, crazy.
"The Moldovans is the silliest workers in the Jiu Valley, the so obedient. So in what sense: He does everything that is said to rebel without him. "
(40 years unemployed)
Moldauersein: negative property shame about the many: "It is my people, and because I can not change anything."
- Sarm
possible reasons for the negative image: last wave of immigrants; scapegoats
"At that time people greeted the people on the street yet, [...]. Those Ceauşescu came to develop the valley, these apartment buildings has built them everywhere now can see in Petrila ... Instead of the settlements. Previously they lived in settlements, such as those in Lonea if they were there - clean, well maintained. Only gypsies and Moldovans in these blocks of flats, which would also look nice stay if they do not destroy had. [...] Well, there are also people from here who live there because they had no choice ...".
- not together, side by side
life - the wigs, "" they want us on the head "
disappearance of the stigma with the passage of time, integration, acceptance, rapprochement on the individual.
4th Membership transfer. Moldova miners and Cancelled
"There are and there are Moldovans Moldovans ... I know the Moldovans have made it through the mining industry. " (Moldovan miner, 33 years old)
reasons for locating in the Jiu Valley - in general and also in the case of the Moldavian - Economic.
"You have to work too, but at least you have a reason, you know that you do not test created for nothing. So it was before, so we have come. We thought it would be a future. "
- Building a future
- originally only wanted to save up all the money to then invest in their homeland but: "The valley has made us commercially."
two categories: Vor90er and Nach90er / different socio-economic contexts
Vor90er: - lured by financial incentives, Sedentariness
policy - higher living standards (good food supply in times of general scarcity, no housing)
- stimulation by symbols: "detaşament de Frunt clasei muncitoreşti al.
"The Jiu Valley was a myth. [...] I am originally from a mining area, but the Jiu Valley was better known. It's like a soccer player: no footballer would play at a local club if he could play for Real Madrid. Or ".
Nach90er: - depend on relationships of hiring
- housing shortage
Lonea and Petrila: represented 96.2% and 97.9% underground
Stark in the unions and union councils, but not in the leadership.
Vor90er: acquisition of professional knowledge - Integration - avoiding the stigma
- no or little contact with relatives
- "Better to be compatible with a stranger."
Nach90er: common origins helpful for the acquisition of job
- in the gallery are all equal, no one is preferred
- common origin / relationship of the viability of the job is subordinated.
- no exchange of material nature to the home (to large geographical distance).
- College work is the web of the home the parent.
- work as a key resource on social and financial level.
What does it mean to be a miner?
Vor90er: "Family Tradition", "personal challenge"; "a beautiful profession."
Nach90er: "My Computer"
- emotional connection to people with the same origin: in some cases, decide on the choice of godparents.
- complete separation from the original home, the alignment of professional community
- more realistically: Comparison of the relationship of origin.
"it depends on the individual from" - "depinde de ce fiecare urmăreşte.
Different strong links to place of origin
grounds of abandonment of Relations to home for many Vor90er: geographic distance, strictly regulated working hours, financial satisfaction.
"At first I visited them once every two years, but the train was too expensive and then I left it. There was no point anyway. " Why there was no sense? "Miss, where you had everything you needed!"
strong consciousness of the privileged status attained: enmity - severed their links with their homeland.
With some: it is an exclusively "sentimental" relationship obtained.
- of which: meeting the standards, the obligations towards the family.
exchange between urban and rural products.
- "Cand merge ducem şi noi tot felul, ca nu te poti duce cu mana goală; Iti Scoates ochii după-aia, ca cica esti zgârcit."
conservation of this species due to the fulfillment of social and moral norms.
- it depends whether it be from mold. Bergarb. Settle down or not.
04.01 Cancelled Miners
termination - loss of status - the destruction of the socialization structures within the mining community - exclusion from the working community.
The Cancelled: "A non-miners," "un om care şi-a BAGAT Ordonanţa (severance payment) şi care acum nu Stie încotro Sun May ia".
"N-are stainless să mai ... Ce să spun? Om lucru fara fara bani şi, free of NIMIC. Ala-i disponibilizat. Nu mai are NIMIC. , "Un ne-om."
"It makes no sense ... What am I supposed to say to that? People without work and without money, who has nothing. This is a Terminated "
for the other. A threat; equality of Moldovans with those terminated.
"Cancelled? Moldovans "," Those who do not may not pack, greedy, stupid people who work "; wanted to work". regarded as guilty of the current situation be terminated
= stigma
- -
have a standard not met
"Ce Daca au fost mineri? Esti cat esti miner miner, cand nu-ti mai place muncă ... gata!.
terminations and severance payments as a strategy of exclusion of the Moldovans?
statistics show above-average number of Moldovan terminating party.
awareness of the status of loss:
"I'm just impossible. Seriously! You do not ... you ... As if you're a leper because you have terminated ".
"be denounced is a disgrace."
- final break in relations with neighbors / former colleagues
"Did you know that I died after my termination? Yes, it seems. His colleagues could see me on the street no more, no "Hello", no "How are you?" One day I met a friend with whom I used to work together, of having me out of shame me not visited all the time, to I said: "I've heard you'd died." Yes I am dead ...".
- layoffs + Allowances as a strategy for eradication of Moldovans from the Jiu Valley? Failed.
not in Moldavia integrierungsfähig:
"It was reproached me that I had for years been no sign of life that I had not even visited. You are right in their own way, but it was how it is. We used to go well, not now. I understand that they then had difficulty to keep house, to till the soil ...[...] Man closed one eye, bowed humbly ... well ... it was a degrading .. . ... a bit until I was back on its feet. But then, when the settlement money had all come back I was ... you got me failed "
consequences: radicalization
5th Conclusion
Moldovans: there is not, some individuals / homogeneity of the ideal structure
Moldauermigration: possible integral part of the social structure in the Jiu Valley, no separation.
submitted by: Alexander Dragoman on 01/12/2005
Literature:
Craciun, Magdalena / Grecu, Maria, Stan, Razvan: Lumea Vaii. Unitatela Minei, diversitatea minerilor .- Bucharest: Paideia, 2002
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